Acute visual disturbances
Eyes and eye appendages (H00-H59).
- Ablatio retinae* * (amotio retinae; retinal detachment )
- Acute glaucoma* (angle-closure glaucoma; glaucoma).
- Acute iritis* (menstrual meningitis).
- Acute ischemic optic neuropathy* * – acute circulatory disturbance of the optic disc.
- Acute keratoconus* * – cone-shaped change of the cornea.
- Chorioretinopathy centralis serosa* * – form of choroidal/retinal inflammation that occurs primarily during stress* * .
- Vitreous detachment* *
- Vitreous hemorrhage* *
- Keratitis photoelectrica* (hemorrhage).
- Optic neuritis/retrobulbar neuritis* (synonym: neuritis nervi optici) – optic neuritis in the area behind the eyeball.
- Ulcus corneae* (corneal ulcer, corneal ulcer of the eye).
- Central artery occlusion* * – with subsequent ischemia of the retina.
- Central retinal vein occlusion* *
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Folic acid deficiency* *
- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)* *
- Thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1 deficiency)* *
- Vitamin B12 deficiency (cobalamin)* *
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Apoplexy (stroke)* *
- Circulatory collapse* *
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Arteritis temporalis* – systemic vasculitis (vascular inflammation) affecting the arteriae temporales (temporal arteries), especially in the elderly.
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Increased intracranial pressure (within the cranial cavity), unspecified* * .
- Migraine* /* *
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)* /* *
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA)* * – sudden onset of circulatory disturbance in the brain leading to neurological dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours.
Injuries, poisonings and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Toxic optic neuropathy due to poisoning with:
- Amiodarone
- Arsenic
- Lead
- Chloramphenicol
- D-Penicillamine
- Ethambutol
- Isoniazid
- Methanol
- Streptomycin
- Sulfonamide
- Injury to the eye, unspecified* .
Medication
- Condition after application of eye drops
* Painful visual disturbance * * Painless visual disturbance
Chronic visual disturbance
Eyes and eye appendages (H00-H59).
- Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-decrease in function of sensory cells in the yellow spot of the retina* * .
- Astigmatism* * (distorted vision).
- Chronic corneal degeneration* *
- Diabetic retinopathy* * – deterioration of vision to blindness caused by the high serum glucose levels associated with diabetes mellitus.
- Glaucoma* * (glaucoma)
- Hyperopia* * (farsightedness)
- Hypertensive retinopathy* * – retinal disease caused by arterial hypertension (high blood pressure).
- Cataract* * (cataract)
- Myopia* * (nearsightedness)
- Presbyopia* * (presbyopia)
- Retinopathia centralis serosa – symptoms of mild farsightedness; optical coherence tomography (OCT) reveals a retina that is slightly lifted in some places (fluid accumulation is often seen underneath), in severe cases there is microtearing and leakage of fluid into the eyeball; patients are typically younger men under the age of 50, with a lot of stress in their personal lives or at work (manager’s disease)
- Retinitis pigmentosa* * – congenital and progressive retinal changes associated with night blindness, visual field defects, and marked reduction in visual acuity.
- Other visual disturbance (H53.8) – changing visual acuity during the day * * (e.g., “This morning my vision was blurry, now it’s better”): could be early warning sign of diabetes mellitus
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetic retinopathy – retinal disease caused by diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Hypertensive retinopathy – retinal disease caused by arterial hypertension (high blood pressure).
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Neoplasms such as malignant (malignant) uveamelanoma (choroidal melanoma)* * .
Psyche – Nervous System (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)* *
* Painful visual disturbance * * Painless visual disturbance
Medication
- Alpha-sympatholytics* (phenoxybenzamine).
- Analgesics
- Antiarrhythmics
- Class Ib antiarrhythmics (lidocaine).
- Class Ic antiarrhythmics (flecainide, propafenone).
- Class III antiarrhythmics (amiodarone* * * , dronedarone, sotalol).
- Unclassified antiarrhythmic drugs (adenosine).
- Anticholinergics* * * (atropine, homatropine, methanthelinium bromide, scopolamine).
- Antidepressants
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors* * * (MAO inhibitors).
- Tricyclic antidepressants* * * (amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine) [caveat: accommodation disorders; acute glaucoma in irido-corneal angle].
- Antiepileptic drugs
- AMPA receptor antagonist (perampanel).
- Functionalized amino acids (lacosamide).
- Carboxamide derivatives (eslicarbazepine acetate).
- Antifibrinolytic (tranexamic acid) [disorders of color vision].
- Antimalarials (artesunate, quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine).
- Antiparkinsonian agents* * *
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics)* * * – phenothiazines/chlorpromazines; haloperidol
- Beta-receptor blockers* * * (atenolol, metaprolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol).
- Bisphosphonates* * * (alendronate, pamidronate).
- Benzalkonium chloride* * * (BAC)
- Cholinergics (parasympathomimetic)* (carbachol, physostigmine, pilocarpine).
- H1 antihistamines* * *
- HCV protease inhibitors* * * (boceprevir)
- Cardiac glycosides (digitalis) (digitoxin; digoxin).
- Hormones
- Adrenaline (epinephrine)* *
- Progestins
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) (clomiphene)
- Growth hormone (Wh; somatotropic hormone (STH); somatotropin; English growth hormone (GH)).
- Topical IOP-lowering drugs (IOP-lowering drugs)* * *
- Local anesthetics (lidocaine, mepivacaine, procaine).
- Miotics* (acetylcholine, histamine, morphine, pilocarpine, prostigmine).
- Mydriatics (atropine, cyclopentolate, epinephrine, phenylephrine, tropicamide).
- Myotonics (baclofen).
- Opiates resp. Opioids (alfentanil, apomorphine, buprenorphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, loperamide, morphine, methadone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, oxycodone, pentazocine, pethidine, piritramide, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tilidine, tramadol)* [for opioid poisoning* * ].
- Parasympatholytics* * (atropine, cyclopentolate, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, tropicamide).
- Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil).
- Proton pump inhibitors (proton pump inhibitors, PPI; acid blockers) – esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.
- Rauwolfia alkaloids* * * (reserpine).
- Sinus node inhibitor (ivabradine).
- Spasmolytic (butylscopolamine).
- Sympathomimetics* * (amphetamines, cocaine, epinephrine/ephedrine, phenylephrine).
- Retinoids* * * (isotretinoin)
* Miosis * * Mydriasis * * * Dry eyes.
See also under “Anticholinergic effects due to drugs” if applicable. Retinal changes
- Antiepileptic drugs (retigabine).
