Eyes and ocular appendages (H00-H59).
- Age-related (or senile) macular degeneration (AMD)-degenerative disease of the macula lutea (yellow spot of the retina)/loss of central visual acuity.
- Amblyopia (severe visual impairment/weakness of one or, rarely, both eyes), toxicity-related
- Chorioretinitis – inflammation of the choroid (choroid) with retinal (retina) involvement.
- Diabetic retinopathy – retinal disease caused by diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
- Glaucoma (glaucoma), chronic
- Hereditary optic neuropathy (Leber’s disease) – hereditary disease affecting the ganglion cells of the optic nerves.
- Hypertensive retinopathy – retinal disease caused by arterial hypertension (high blood pressure).
- Inferior retinal detachment (retinal detachment).
- Cataract (cataract)
- Optic neuritis / neuritis nervi optici (retrobulbar neuritis) – inflammation of the optic nerve in the area behind the eyeball.
- Presbyopia (presbyopia)
- Retinitis pigmentosa – congenital and progressive changes in the retina (retina) associated with night blindness, visual field defects and marked reduction in visual acuity.
- Strabismus (strabismus) [in children.]
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetic retinopathy – retinal disease caused by diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Hypertensive retinopathy – retinal disease caused by arterial hypertension (high blood pressure).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Onchocerciasis (synonyms: onchocerciasis; river blindness) – chronic disease caused by filariae (nematodes) of the species Onchocerca volvulus; causes blindness in about 10% of sufferers; occurs in tropical areas of Africa and the Americas.
- Syphilis (lues; venereal disease).
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Paget’s disease of the skull (ostitis deformans) – bone disease leading to very severe bone remodeling.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Choroidal melanoma – malignant neoplasm arising from the choroid.
- Tumor, intracranial (neoplasm in the head), unspecified.
- Tumor, intraorbital (neoplasm in the orbit), not specified
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL or CLN), also known as VSS or obsolete amaurotic idiocy) – group of rare, inherited and as yet incurable metabolic diseases belonging to the lysosomal storage diseases; mostly autosomal recessive inheritance, the adult form CLN4 is passed on autosomal dominant; Characterized by progressive optic atrophy (blindness), intellectual and speech decline, spasticity; prefinal dementia, spastic quadriplegia (paraplegia affecting all four limbs, i.e., both legs and arms), cachexia (abnormal, very severe emaciation)
Environmental stress – intoxications (poisoning).
- Amblyopia (amblyopia), toxic due to:
- Arsenic
- Quinine
- Carbon disulfide
- Methanol
- Tobacco (smoking)
Other
- Vitamin A deficiency
