Eyes and eye appendages (H00-H59).
- Acute glaucoma (glaucoma attack).
Respiratory system (J00-J99)
- Upper respiratory tract infection (in children; especially with a severe cough).
- Pneumonia (pneumonia)
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
- Diabetic coma
- Fructose intolerance (fruit sugar intolerance)
- Hyperglycemia (hyperglycemia)
- Hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism)
- Hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism)
- Ketoacidosis – shift of acids and bases in the blood.
- Adrenocortical insufficiency (NNR insufficiency; adrenocortical weakness).
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Aneurysm rupture (rupture of an aneurysm/weak spot in the arterial wall).
- Apoplexy (stroke)
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Hypotension – low blood pressure
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Bacterial and viral infections, unspecified.
- Gastroenteritis (inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract).
- Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
- Meningitis (meningitis)
- Upper respiratory tract infection (in children; especially with a strong cough).
Liver, gallbladder, and biliary tract-pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Cholelithiasis (gallstones).
- Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)
- Biliary colic
- Hepatic insufficiency (liver failure)
- Neuroblastoma
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
Mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Appendicitis (appendicitis).
- Arteria mesenterica superior syndrome – narrowing of the vessels supplying the intestine.
- Colon obstruction – narrowing of the colon due to inflammation, tumor or foreign body.
- Small intestinal obstruction – narrowing of the small intestine due to inflammation, tumor or foreign body.
- Enteritis – inflammatory disease of the small intestine.
- Gastroenteritis (inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract)
- Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB; bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract).
- Gastroparesis – paralysis of the stomach.
- Ileus (intestinal obstruction)
- Gastrointestinal infections
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (synonyms: Colon irritable; Colon irritabile; Colon spasticum; Colonic neurosis; Colonic irritability; Colonic spasm; IDS; Irretrievable bowel syndrome; Irritable bowel syndrome (IDS); Irritable colon; Colon irritable; Colonic irritability; Colonic neurosis; Nervous bowel syndrome; IBS; Irritable bowel syndrome; Spastic colon; Spastic colon; Irritable bowel syndrome) – functional bowel disorder in which no causative disorders can be found.
- Irritable stomach
- Duodenal ulcer (duodenal ulcer)
- Ulcus ventriculi (gastric ulcer)
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99)
- Vasculitides (vascular inflammations).
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48)
- Brain tumors
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer)
- Pancreatic carcinoma (pancreatic cancer)
- Neuroblastoma – malignant neoplasia (malignant neoplasm) of the autonomic nervous system.
- Prolactinoma – benign neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland (pituitary gland).
Ears – mastoid process (H60-H95).
- Labyrinthitis (inflammation of the inner ear).
- Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)
- Meniere’s disease (disease of the inner ear characterized by attacks of rotary vertigo).
- Disorders of vestibular function (vertigo).
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Alcohol abuse (alcohol dependence)
- Anorexia nervosa (anorexia)
- Bulimia nervosa (binge eating addiction)
- Depression
- Brain abscess
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Hydrocephalus (hydrocephalus; abnormal dilation of the fluid-filled spaces (cerebral ventricles) of the brain).
- Migraine
- Panic disorders/anxiety attacks
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – sudden onset of circulatory disturbance in the brain leading to neurological dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours
Pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium (O00-O99).
- Hyperemesis gravidarium (nausea of pregnancy).
- Pregnancy-induced hypertension (synonyms: EPH-gestosis; eclampsia; premature gestosis; gestational hypertension; gestosis; gravidity-gestosis; gravidity toxicosis; HELLP syndrome (H = hemolysis/dissolution of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood), EL = elevated liver enzymes, LP = low platelets); Hypertension in pregnancy (HIS); hypertensive encephalopathy of pregnancy (HES); graft gestosis; preeclampsia; propfgestosis; preeclampsia; pregnancy hypertension; pregnancy-induced hypertension; pregnancy toxicosis; late gestosis; toxicosis; hypertensive encephalopathy of pregnancy).
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
- Acute abdomen (symptom complex characterized by the following involved symptoms: abdominal pain (abdominal pain), nausea (nausea)/vomiting – this often accompanies the abdominal pain, peritonitis (peritonitis with guarding), and impaired general condition (possibly shock)).
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Meningismus (painful stiffness of the neck)
- Tetany – syndrome of neuromuscular hyperexcitability.
- Thoracic pain (chest pain)
- Uremia (occurrence of urinary substances in the blood above normal values).
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99).
- Acute scrotum – acute (sudden) pain in the scrotum (scrotum) associated with redness and swelling.
- Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).
- Endometritis (inflammation of the uterus)
- Testicular torsion – reduced blood flow to the testis due to the sudden rotation of the testicle around its vascular pedicle.
- Pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis).
- Urolithiasis (urinary stones)
Injuries, poisonings, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Alcohol intoxication (alcohol poisoning).
- Commotio cerebri (concussion of the brain)
- Heat stroke and sunstroke
- Pseudoallergy
- Quincke’s edema – massive swelling of the subcutis (submucosa) or submucosa (submucosal connective tissue), which usually affects the lips and eyelids, but can also affect the tongue or other organs.
- Motion sickness or seasickness
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- Whiplash
- Radiation sickness
- Spoiled food
Factors affecting health status leading to health care utilization (Z00-Z99).
- Food allergy
Further
- Biographical causes
- Genetic burden from parents, grandparents.
- Hormonal factors
- Gravidity (pregnancy)
- Behavioral causes
Medication
- Antiarrhythmics – drugs used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, such as digoxin or adenosine.
- Antibiotics – drugs used to treat bacterial infections, such as penicillin or cephazolin.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – pain medications such as ibuprofen or diclofenac.
- Oral antidiabetics
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol),
- Biguanides (metformin)
- Glinides (nateglinide, repaglinide)
- Incretin mimetics (GLP-1 receptor agonists) – dulaglutide, exenatide.
- Sulfonylureas (glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, gliquidone, tolbutamide).
- Opiates or opioids (alfentanil, apomorphine, buprenorphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, loperamide, morphine, methadone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, oxycodone, pentazocine, pethidine, piritramide, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tilidine, tramadol).
- Oral anticonceptives – medications used for contraception, such as ethinylestradiol/norgestrel.
- X-ray contrast media (as an immediate response).
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (neratinib).
- Cytostatics – drugs used to treat cancer.
- High emetogenicity (> 90%; “emetic“): carboplatin (AUC ≥ 4 mg/ml/min), cisplatin, doxorubicin (≥ 60 mg/m2), ifosfamide (> 2 g/m2 per administration).
- Moderate emetogenicity (30-90%): carboplatin (AUC < 4 mg/ml/min), doxorubicin (< 60 mg/m2), epirubicin ≤ 90 mg/m2,, ifosfamide (< 2 g/m2 per administration).
- Low emetogenicity (10-30%): axitinib, atezolizumab, cabazitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin (liposomal), everolimus, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, interferon α 5-10 million IU/m2, mitoxantrone, olaparib, paclitaxel, pazopanib, pemetrexed, sunitinib, vinflunine
- Minimal emetogenicity (<10%): bevacizumab, bleomycin, interferon α ≤ 5 million IU/m2, ipilimumabb, methotrexate ≤ 50 mg/m2, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, sorafenib, temsirolimus, vinblastine
- See also under drug side effects “Gastrointestinal discomfort from medications”.
Environmental exposures – Intoxications (poisonings).
- Alcohol intoxication (poisoning)
- Spoiled food
