Chemokines are small signaling proteins that trigger chemotaxis (migratory movement) of cells. In most cases, these cells are immune cells. Thus, chemokines are responsible for the effective functioning of the immune system. What are chemokines? Chemokines are small proteins that belong to the cytokine family. They cause cells to migrate. Mainly, these are immune cells … Chemokines: Structure, Function & Diseases
The term cytokines encompasses a highly differentiated group of peptides and proteins that act as messengers to exert substantial influence on immune responses by cells of the innate and acquired immune systems. Cytokines include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors and other polypeptides or proteins. Cytokines are mostly-but not exclusively-produced by cells of the immune system … Cytokines: Structure, Function & Diseases
Leishmania brasiliensis are small, flagellated protozoa belonging to the bacterial phylum Leishmania, subgenus Viannia. They live parasitically in macrophages, into which they have entered by phagocytosis without causing harm. They are causative agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and require host switching via the sand fly of the genus Lutzomyia to spread. What is Leishmania brasiliensis? … Leishmania Brasiliensis: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Leishmania infantum is a small bacterium of the Leishmania family and lives as a parasite obligate intracellularly in macrophages of humans and other vertebrates. The bacterium undergoes host switching between sandflies and humans or vertebrates to maintain its species, switching from the flagellated (mosquito) to the unflagellated form (human or vertebrate). Leishmania infantum can be … Leishmania Infantum: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Leishmania are human pathogenic protozoa. The parasites spread through two host organisms and alternate their host between insect and vertebrate. Infection with Leishmania results in leishmaniasis. What are leishmania? Protozoa are primordial animals or protozoa that can be classified as animal eukaryotic protozoa because of their heterotrophic lifestyle and mobility. According to Grell, they are … Leishmania: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Together with the renal corpuscle, the renal tubule forms the nephron, making it the structurally smallest element of the kidney. Together, the individual renal tubules form the tubule system, which is responsible for the reabsorption of substances such as water and the excretion of other substances. Inflammation in the tubule tissue can result in renal … Renal Tubule: Structure, Function & Diseases
Keratinocytes are horn-forming cells that make up the bulk of all cells in the epidermis (cuticle), accounting for more than 90 percent. They are proliferated at the basal layer of the epidermis and migrate from the basal layer to the surface of the skin during their approximately 28-day life with ongoing production of keratin. They … Keratinocytes: Structure, Function & Diseases
The bacterial species Propionibacterium acnes belongs to the propionic acid bacteria of the order Actinomycetales and the division Actinobacteria. As commensals, anaerobes naturally colonize human skin, but they can also become a pathogen in the form of individual strains. In this context, they play a role for Acnes vulgaris, for example. What is Propionibacterium acnes? … Propionibacterium Acnes: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
