Products
Anxiolytics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, and injectable preparations, among others.
Structure and properties
Anxiolytics are a structurally heterogeneous group. However, the representatives can be divided into different classes. These include, for example, the benzodiazepines or the tricyclic antidepressants.
Effects
Anxiolytics have antianxiety (anxiolytic) properties. They usually have additional effects, that is, they are additionally, for example, sedative, sedative (depressant), sleep-inducing, and muscle relaxant. Their effects are based on interaction with neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system.
Indications
For the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders.
Abuse
Some anxiolytics can be abused as depressant narcotics (e.g., benzodiazepines) because of their psychotropic properties. They can lead to dependence and addiction. Conversely, various intoxicants, such as ethanol, have antianxiety properties.
Active ingredients
The following list shows a selection of agents with anxiety-relieving properties. Not all representatives are approved for this indication: Benzodiazepines:
- Alprazolam
- Bromazepam
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Clobazam
- Clorazepate
- Diazepam
- Ketazolam
- Lorazepam
- Oxazepam
- Prazepam
Antiepileptic drugs:
- Gabapentin
- Lamotrigine
- Pregabalin
Antidepressants:
- Amitriptyline
- Citalopram
- Maprotiline
- Opipramol
- Trimipramine
- Venlafaxine
Beta blockers:
- Propranolol
Antihistamines:
- Hydroxyzine
Cannabinoids:
- Cannabidiol
Neuroleptics:
- Flupentixol
- Olanzapine
- Quetiapine
Z-Drugs:
- Like zolpidem (off-label).
Carbamate:
- Meprobamate (out of trade)
Azapirone:
- Buspirone (out of trade)
Barbiturates:
- Rarely used today
Herbal anxiolytics
The following medicinal plants have sedative or anti-anxiety properties:
- Valerian
- Cannabis
- Hops
- St. John’s wort
- California poppy
- Kava
- Lavender, lavender oil capsules
- Melissa
- Passionflower
Adaptogens:
- Ginseng
- Rose root
- Taiga root
Contraindications
Full precautions can be found in the drug label.
Interactions
Central depressant medications and alcohol may increase adverse effects.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects depend on the agent administered. Typical adverse effects of anxiolytics include:
- Fatigue, drowsiness, central depression, decrease in responsiveness.
- Central nervous disorders
- Dependence, addiction (does not apply to all agents).
- Digestive complaints