Products Zolpidem is commercially available as film-coated tablets, sustained-release tablets, and effervescent tablets (Stilnox, Stilnox CR, generics, USA: Ambien). It has been approved in many countries since 1990. Structure and properties Zolpidem (C19H21N3O, Mr = 307.39 g/mol) is an imidazopyridine that is structurally distinct from the benzodiazepines. It is present in drugs as zolpidem tartrate, … Zolpidem
Symptoms People with sugar addiction are dependent on foods high in sugar and exhibit daily and uncontrolled consumption. Sugar addiction can manifest as dependence, tolerance, binge eating, craving, and withdrawal symptoms. Sugary foods are also consumed as sedatives, for stress relief, fatigue, tension and mood disorders. Possible negative consequences include tooth decay, gum problems, mood … Sugar Addiction
Products Mannitol is commercially available as a powder and as an infusion preparation. The pure substance is available in pharmacies and drugstores. Structure and properties D-mannitol (C6H14O6, Mr = 182.2 g/mol) exists as white crystals or white powder that dissolves readily in water. Mannitol is a hexavalent sugar alcohol and occurs naturally in plants, algae, … Mannitol
Products Oxazepam is commercially available in tablet form (Seresta, Anxiolit). It has been approved in many countries since 1966. Structure and properties Oxazepam (C15H11ClN2O2, Mr = 286.7 g/mol) is a racemate. It exists as a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Oxazepam (ATC N05BA04) has antianxiety, sedative, sleep-inducing, anticonvulsant, and muscle … Oxazepam: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Symptoms In localized frostbite, the skin becomes pale, cold, hard, and insensitive to touch and pain. Only when it warms and thaws does redness appear and severe, pulsating pain, burning, and tingling set in. In addition, edema and blisters may form and, in a severe course, tissue dies. Often affected are exposed parts of the … Frostbite
Definition The presence of a risk factor increases the likelihood of a disease or adverse event. For example, smoking is a recognized risk factor for lung cancer, COPD, and cardiovascular disease. There is a causal (cause-and-effect) relationship. Relationship between risk factor and disease The presence of a risk factor does not necessarily lead to the … Risk Factors
Products Benzodiazepines are commercially available in the form of tablets, melting tablets, capsules, drops, and injectables, among others (selection). Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), the first benzodiazepine, was synthesized in the 1950s by Leo Sternbach at Hoffmann-La Roche and was launched in 1960. The second active ingredient, the well-known diazepam (Valium), was launched in 1962. Numerous other drugs … Benzodiazepines Effects and Side Effects
Products Amphetamines are commercially available as drugs in the form of tablets, sustained-release tablets, capsules, and sustained-release capsules. Structure and properties Amphetamines are derivatives of amphetamine. It is a methylphenethylamine structurally related to endogenous monoamines and stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Amphetamines are racemates and the –enantiomers. Effects Amphetamines have sympathomimetic, central stimulant, bronchodilator, psychoactive, … Amphetamines
Products In many countries, there are currently no registered medicines containing the active ingredient Cathin. Products containing Cathine are not banned, but are subject to prescription and narcotics laws. Structure D-cathine (C9H13NO, Mr = 151.2 g/mol) is a natural substance from the cath (, Celastraceae), which is also produced synthetically. It is a hydroxylated amphetamine … Cathin
Symptoms Fatigue is a physiological and subjective response of the organism to mental and physical exertion. It is undesirable when it occurs rapidly, frequently, and excessively. Fatigue manifests itself, among other things, in a lack of energy, exhaustion, weakness, listlessness, and reduced performance and motivation. It can also be accompanied by irritability. Fatigue occurs acutely … Fatigue
Effects Smart drugs are pharmaceutical agents that (are intended to) improve the brain’s cognitive abilities: Promote concentration, alertness, attention and receptivity. Increase intelligence and the ability to think Improvement of the imagination Improving understanding and memory Increase creativity This is also referred to as or in English. The effects are based, among other things, on … Smart Drugs
Products Sympathomimetics are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, granules, injectable solutions, eye drops, and nasal sprays. Structure and properties Sympathomimetics are structurally derived from the natural neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. Effects Sympathomimetics have sympathomimetic properties, meaning that they promote the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the … Sympathomimetics
