Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland); rare.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Inclusion body myositis – neuromuscular disease; weakness near the trunk, fewer atrophies.
- Muscular dystrophies (muscle atrophy).
- Myositides (muscle inflammation), infectious origin (Coxsackie viruses, trichinosis, HIV).
- Polymyalgia rheumatica – inflammatory rheumatic disease belonging to the vasculitides (vascular inflammation); pain and stiffness sensation in the shoulder/pelvic girdle.
- Sharp syndrome (“mixed connective tissue disease”, MCTD) – chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease that includes symptoms of several collagenoses such as lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or polymyositis
- Scleroderma – belongs to the group of autoimmune connective tissue diseases (collagenoses).
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – systemic disease affecting the skin and connective tissue of the vessels, leading to vascular inflammation (vasculitides) of numerous organs such as the heart, kidneys or brain.
Psyche – Nervous System (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Alcohol myopathy (alcohol-related muscle disease).
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – progressive (progressive), irreversible degeneration of the motor nervous system (rare).
- Lambert-Eaton syndrome – autoimmune disease leading to muscle weakness and reflex loss.
- Myasthenia gravis – rare autoimmune disorder in which specific antibodies to acetylcholine receptors are present, resulting in load-dependent muscle weakness of voluntary motor function leading to recovery at rest; sometimes the symptomatology consists only of increased fatigability of ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia)
Medications
Inflammatory myopathies
- Allopurinol (urostatic drug/for the treatment of elevated uric acid levels).
- Antimalarials such as chloroquine
- D-penicillamine (antibiotic)
- Interferon alpha (antiviral and antitumor effects).
- Cocaine
- Levodopa
- Procainamide (local anesthetic)
- Simvastatin (statins; lipid-lowering drugs)
- Sulfonamides
- Zidovudine
Other myopathies
- ACTH
- Antiviral drugs
- Nucleoside analogues (lamivudine, zidovudine).
- Carbimazole
- Clofibrate
- Cromoglicic acid
- Cyclosporine
- Enalapril
- Ezetimibe
- Hormones
- ACTH
- Corticosteroids
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors; Statins) – atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin) more commonly cause rhabdomyolysis (dissolution of striated muscle fibers/skeletal muscle as well as cardiac muscle) in combination with fibrates, ciclosporin (cyclosporin A), macrolides, or azole antifungals; Furthermore, statins lead to a decrease in endogenous coenzyme Q10 synthesis; frequency of myalgia in clinical practice is 10% to 20%The term statin myopathy is used when:
- Symptoms occur within four weeks of starting statin use
- They remit within four weeks after discontinuation of the drug, and
- Recur upon re-exposure.
- Metoprolol
- Minoxidil
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPI; acid blockers) – esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.
- Salbutamol
Myopathy and neuropathy
- Amiodarone
- Colchicine
- Interferon
- L-tryptophan
- Vincristine