Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Coma diabeticum (coma due to metabolic derailment in the setting of diabetes mellitus/sugar disease).
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Apoplexy (stroke)
- Extracranial carotid stenosis – narrowing of the carotid artery outside the bony skull (extracranial).
- Extracerebral hemorrhage
- Epidural hematoma (synonyms: epidural hematoma; epidural hemorrhage; epidural hemorrhage) – bleeding into the epidural space (space between the bones of the skull and the dura mater (hard meninges, outer boundary of the brain to the skull)).
- Cause: rupture (tear) of the middle meningeal artery (common) or rupture of a venous sinus (bulge or hollowed structure of venous blood vessels) (rare)
- Approximately two-thirds of those affected are younger than 40 years; in young children, epidural hematomas are very common after skull injuries in the first two years of life
- Sex ratio: males to females is 5: 1
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAB) – arterial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space (cleft space between the arachnoid mater (cobweb membrane; middle meninges) and the pia mater (delicate meninges that directly overlie the brain)).
- Represents a common, neurologic emergency
- Cause: rupture of an intracranial aneurysm (pathologic/diseased bulging of vessel walls in the brain) or angioma (benign vascular neoplasm) (rare)
- Sex ratio: women are more commonly affected than men.
- Frequency peak: the disease occurs mainly between the 40th and 60th year of life.
- Incidence (frequency of new cases): 20 diseases per 100,000 inhabitants per year (in Germany).
- Epidural hematoma (synonyms: epidural hematoma; epidural hemorrhage; epidural hemorrhage) – bleeding into the epidural space (space between the bones of the skull and the dura mater (hard meninges, outer boundary of the brain to the skull)).
- Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICB; cerebral hemorrhage).
- Subdural hygroma – accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subdural space.
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Brain tumor
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Dementia – just in milder forms of impaired consciousness.
- Brain abscess – accumulation of pus in the brain (headache, nausea, vomiting, epileptic seizures, clouding of consciousness).
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Subclavian steal syndrome (synonym: vertebral tapping syndrome) – a so-called tapping syndrome. This refers to a condition in which there is blood withdrawal in a specific area as a result of localized blood flow reversal.
- Subdural abscess (accumulation of pus below the dura mater) – usually in the context of ethmoidal and frontal sinusitis.
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – sudden onset of circulatory disturbance in the brain leading to neurological disturbances that resolve within 24 hours
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
- Acute paresis (paralysis).
- Aphasia (speech disorders)
- Cephalgia (headache)
