Urolithiasis or Urinary Stones

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Test and Diagnosis

Laboratory parameters of the 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Small blood count Inflammatory parameters – CRP (C-reactive protein) or ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Urine status (rapid test for: pH, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, blood), sediment, urine culture (pathogen detection and resistogram, that is, testing suitable antibiotics for sensitivity / resistance). Electrolytes – calcium Renal parameters … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Test and Diagnosis

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Drug Therapy

Therapeutic target Improvement of pain symptoms Therapy recommendations Note: According to the current S2k guideline, patients with newly diagnosed ureteral stone up to 7 mm in diameter can wait for spontaneous discharge with regular monitoring. The most common treatment for acute renal colic is conservative therapy with the goal of spontaneous stone clearance (expulsion; medical … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Drug Therapy

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Diagnostic Tests

Obligatory medical device diagnostics. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasonography of abdominal organs) – for basic diagnosis in adults, pregnant women, and children; also to exclude common differential diagnoses [sensitivity of ultrasonography (percentage of diseased patients in whom the disease is detected by use of the procedure, i.e., a positive finding occurs), especially in combination with calyx dilatation … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Diagnostic Tests

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Ammonium Urate Stones

Therapeutic target Prevention of stone recurrence (recurrence of urinary stones). Therapy recommendations Note: The formation optimum of ammonium urate stones tends to be in the neutral range (pH > 6.5), in contrast to uric acid stones. Reduction of risk factors Behavioral risk factors Dehydration (dehydration of the body due to fluid loss or lack of … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Ammonium Urate Stones

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Calcium Oxalate Stones

Therapeutic target Prevention of stone recurrence (recurrence of urinary stones). Therapy recommendations Reduction of risk factors Disease-related risk factors Hypercalcemia (excess calcium) Hypercalciuria (increased calcium excretion in the urine). Hyperoxaluria (increased excretion of oxalic acid in the urine), primary as well as secondary to various diseases such as Crohn’s disease, pancreatic insufficiency (pancreatic weakness), etc. … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Calcium Oxalate Stones

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Calcium Phosphate Stones

Therapeutic target To avoid stone recurrence (recurrence of urinary stones). Therapy recommendations Note: Calcium phosphate stones can exist in two forms: carbonate apatite (pH > 6.8) and carbonate apatite (pH range of 6.5-6.8). Reduction of risk factors Behavioral risk factors Dehydration (dehydration of the body due to fluid loss or lack of fluid intake). High … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Calcium Phosphate Stones

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Cystine Stones

Therapeutic target To avoid stone recurrence (recurrence of urinary stones). Therapy recommendations Reduction of risk factors Behavioral risk factors Dehydration (dehydration of the body due to fluid loss or lack of fluid intake). High protein (protein-rich) diet Diet rich in table salt Disease-related risk factors Cystinuria (cystinuria), autosomal recessive inheritance. Nutritional therapy Fluid intake of … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Metaphylaxis in Cystine Stones

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Complications

The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by urolithiasis (urinary stones): Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory parameters not elsewhere classified (R00-R99). Dysuria – difficult (painful) urination; caused by injury to the wall of the urethra from the migrating stone. Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99). … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Complications

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Examination

A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin and mucous membranes Auscultation of the lungs Palpation (palpation) of the renal bed and abdomen (abdomen) (tenderness?, knocking pain?, coughing pain?, defensive tension?, hernial orifices?, renal bed knocking … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Examination

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

The following symptoms and complaints may indicate urolithiasis (urinary stones) in adults: Leading symptoms of renal colic Contraction-like abdominal or low back pain (up to annihilation pain). Nausea Vomiting Hematuria (blood in the urine) Associated symptoms (depending on the location of the stone). Meteorism (bloated abdomen) Bradycardia (heartbeat too slow: < 60 beats per minute). … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Causes

Pathogenesis (development of disease) The cause of urinary stone formation is not yet fully understood. However, it is clear that it is a multifactorial event. Two hypotheses are discussed Crystallization theory – concretion formation in a supersaturated solution. Colloid theory – accumulation of urinary salts on urinary organic substances. Probably a combination of both theories … Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis): Causes