The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by urolithiasis (urinary stones):
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory parameters not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).
- Dysuria – difficult (painful) urination; caused by injury to the wall of the urethra from the migrating stone.
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – reproductive organs) (N00-N99).
- Bleeding
- Urinary stone recurrence (see prognostic factors below).
- Recurrent (recurrent) urinary tract infections; caution Urinary tract infections and urinary stones promote each other!
- Congestive kidney due to urinary retention with the formation of renal insufficiency (kidney weakness).
- Strictures (scar strands) in ureter or urethra.
- Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
- Urosepsis – blood poisoning due to infection in the urinary tract.
Prognostic factors
High-risk group of urinary stone formers:
- Biographic causes
- Genetic burden – genetically determined stone formation (e.g., cystinuria, primary hyperoxaluria, renal tubular acidosis (RTA), xanthinuria, 2,8-dihydroxyadeninuria).
- Positive family history
- Children and adolescents
- Diseases
- Urinary transport disorder
- Uric acid and urate stone formation (gout).
- Hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid hyperfunction).
- Infection stone formation
- Gastrointestinal diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, fat malabsorption syndrome, Z.n. bariatric surgery, sprue).
- Nephrocalcinosis (deposition of calcium salts in the renal vessels and connective tissue of the kidney).
- Further
