What is CYFRA 21-1? CYFRA 21-1 is the abbreviation for cytokeratin 19 fragment. Cytokeratins (cytokeratins) are stable, fiber-like proteins that form the cellular framework. This truss-like structure contributes to the stabilization and shape of a cell. There are 20 types of cytokeratins, each of which occurs in different types of cells in the body. When … CYFRA 21-1: reference values, significance
What is an immunoglobulin? Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are protein structures that belong to the specific immune system. Specific means that they can recognize, bind to and fight specific components of a pathogen. This is possible because they have each been “programmed” beforehand for a specific pathogen. Another common term for immunoglobulin is gamma globulin or g-immunoglobulin. … Immunoglobulin: What the Laboratory Value signifies
What is phosphate? Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. It is found in 85 percent of the bones and teeth, 14 percent in the body’s cells and one percent in the intercellular space. In bone, phosphate binds to calcium and is stored as calcium phosphate (calcium phosphate). In addition, phosphate is an important energy … Phosphate: What Your Lab Value Reveals
Selenium deficiency: symptoms A slight deficiency of selenium can cause, for example, white spots on the nails and noticeably thin, colorless hair or hair loss. A more pronounced selenium deficiency affects the thyroid gland and the immune system, for example, but also other areas and functions of the body. Typical selenium deficiency symptoms therefore include: … Selenium deficiency: Symptoms, causes, therapy
What is hemoglobin? Hemoglobin is an important component of red blood cells, erythrocytes. It binds oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), enabling their transport in the blood. It is formed in the precursor cells of the erythrocytes (proerythroblasts, erythroblasts), degraded mainly in the spleen. On laboratory reports, hemoglobin is usually abbreviated to “Hb” and expressed … Hemoglobin: What your lab value reveals
What are blood groups? The surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes) consists of various structures such as proteins and lipid compounds. They are called blood group antigens. Each person has a certain type of such antigens and thus a certain blood group. The most important blood group systems are the AB0 and Rhesus systems. In … Blood Types: ABO System, Frequencies, Significance
What is troponin? Troponin is an important muscle protein: skeletal and heart muscles are made up of muscle fibers (myocytes, muscle fiber cells), albeit in different ways. Each muscle fiber consists of up to hundreds of muscle fibrils (myofibrils), which contain thread-like strands (myofilaments). These strands contain various proteins that help the muscles to contract … Troponin: Test, Normal Values, Elevation
Hypercalcemia: Causes In hypercalcemia, there is so much calcium in the blood that some metabolic processes may be disturbed. In most cases, the cause is a disease, for example: malignant tumors Hyperparathyroidism (overactivity of the parathyroid glands) Hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism) hypofunction of the adrenal cortex inherited disorders of calcium excretion inherited deficiency of the enzyme phosphatase … Hypercalcemia: What it means
Vitamin D overdose: causes A vitamin D overdose cannot occur naturally – i.e. neither through excessive exposure to the sun nor through eating plenty of foods that naturally contain a lot of vitamin D (such as fatty sea fish). The situation is different if someone takes high doses of vitamin D supplements or medication and/or … Vitamin D Overdose: Symptoms, Frequency, Consequences
What is copper? Copper is a trace element that is important for cell metabolism. It also helps the body to absorb iron from the gastrointestinal tract. Copper is absorbed through food from the small intestine. Relevant amounts of copper are contained in nuts, meat, beans and cereal products, for example. People absorb around four milligrams … Copper: What Your Lab Value Reveals
What is potassium? Potassium also activates various enzymes, for example for protein synthesis. In addition, potassium and protons (also positively charged particles) can be exchanged between the interior and exterior of cells due to their equal charge. This mechanism contributes decisively to the regulation of the pH value. Absorption and excretion of potassium Potassium is … Potassium: Daily requirement, effects, blood values
What are the functions of immunoglobulin G? Immunoglobulin G is an important component of the specific immune system. It binds antigens (characteristic surface structures) of pathogens and thus marks them for certain white blood cells (leukocytes). These then engulf and eliminate the pathogen. In addition, IgG supports the complement system, which initiates the decomposition (lysis) … Immunoglobulin G (IgG): What the Lab Value Means
