How losartan works As a representative of the so-called AT1 inhibitors (“sartans”), losartan blocks the docking sites of the messenger substance angiotensin II on the blood vessel walls. As a result, the vasoconstrictor messenger can no longer transmit its effect – the blood vessels dilate and the blood pressure slowly drops. Sartans such as losartan … Losartan: Effects, Uses, Side Effects
Products Most sartans are commercially available as tablets or film-coated tablets. Losartan was the first agent approved in many countries in 1994 (Cosaar, USA: 1995, Cozaar). Sartans are often combined with hydrochlorothiazide fix. The name of the drug group is derived from the suffix -sartan of the active ingredients. The drugs are also called angiotensin … Sartans
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Effects The RAAS is activated in the presence of low blood pressure, decreased blood volume, hyponatremia, and sympathetic activation. Main actions: mediated via angiotensin II: Vasoconstriction Blood pressure increase Release of catecholamines Hypertrophy at the heart Mediated via aldosterone: Water and sodium ions are retained Potassium ions and protons are eliminated Overview of the RAAS … Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Products Noscapine is commercially available in the form of lozenges, capsules, drops, as a syrup, and as suppositories. Except for Tussanil N, the drugs are combination products. Structure and properties The phthalideisoquinoline noscapine (C22H23NO7, Mr = 413.4 g/mol) is present in drugs as a free base or as noscapine hydrochloride monohydrate. Noscapine is a white … Noscapine
Symptoms Gout is an inflammatory disease of the joints that manifests acutely in attacks of severe pain that worsens with pressure, touch, and movement. The joints are swollen with inflammation, and the skin is red and warm. Fever is observed. Gout often begins in the lower extremities and at the metatarsophalangeal joint (podagra). Urat crystals … Gout Causes and Treatment
Products Losartan is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Cosaar, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1994 and was the first agent in the sartan group. Losartan is also combined with the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (Cosaar Plus, generic). Structure and properties Losartan (C22H23ClN6O, Mr = 422.9 g/mol) is a biphenyl, imidazole, … Losartan
Products Irbesartan is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets as a monopreparation (Aprovel, generic) and as a fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide (Co-Aprovel). It has been approved in many countries since 1997. Generics entered the market in many countries in August 2012. Generic versions of the combination preprinted with hydrochlorothiazide went on sale in … Irbesartan
Definition Active ingredients are the active components of a drug that are responsible for its pharmacological effects. Drugs may contain a single active ingredient, multiple active ingredients, or complex mixtures such as herbal extracts. In addition to the active ingredients, a drug contains various excipients that should be as pharmacologically inert as possible. The percentage … Pharmaceutical Active Ingredient