Symptoms Local skin reactions such as itching, inflammation, redness, and blistering occur acutely, especially at the sites of contact with the trigger. In the chronic stage, dry, scaly and cracked skin is often observed, e.g. in the form of chronic hand eczema. Affected areas include the hands, abdomen and earlobes. The rash can also appear … Metal Allergy
Symptoms Usually beginning before the age of 20, the appearance of white patches is completely asymptomatic; the foci themselves exhibit neither itching nor scaling, are often bizarrely configured, and occasionally have darker pigmentation around the edges. A hereditary predisposition exists in one third (approx. 35%) of affected individuals. The spread is extremely variable, it can … Vitiligo (White Spot Disease)
Symptoms Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, benign, and noninfectious skin disease. It manifests as symmetrical (bilateral), sharply demarcated, bright red, dry, raised plaques covered by silvery scales. Typically affected areas are the elbows, knees, and scalp. Itching, a burning sensation and pain are other symptoms, and scratching further aggravates the condition. Psoriasis can also affect … Psoriasis Causes and Treatment
Products Pimecrolimus is commercially available as a cream (Elidel). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Structure and properties Pimecrolimus (C43H68ClNO11, Mr = 810.5 g/mol) is a lipophilic macrolactam derivative of ascomycin, an ethyl analog of tacrolimus. It exists as a white crystalline powder that is insoluble in water. Effects Pimecrolimus (ATC D11AX15) … Pimecrolimus
Symptoms So-called dyshidrotic eczema manifests itself in itchy, non-reddened vesicles or blisters (bullae) that may appear on the sides of the fingers, on the palms of the hands, and also on the feet. The rash is often bilateral and symmetrical. The vesicles or blisters are filled with edema fluid (“water blisters”) and are located in … Dyshidrotic Eczema
Products Immunosuppressants are commercially available in numerous dosage forms, for example, as creams, ointments, tablets, capsules, solutions, eye drops, and injectables. Structure and properties Within immunosuppressants, several groups can be identified. These include steroids such as the glucocorticoids, substances of microbiological origin such as ciclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil, derivatives of nucleic acids and their components … Immunosuppressants
Products Topical calcineurin inhibitors are commercially available in many countries as ointments and creams (Protopic, Elidel). They have been approved in many countries since 2001 and 2003, respectively. Effects The active ingredients (ATC D11AH) have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The effects are based on inhibition of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. This reduces T-cell activation and … Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Products Tacrolimus is commercially available for external use as an ointment in two concentrations (Protopic). It has been approved in many countries since 2001. Structure and properties Tacrolimus (C44H69NO12 – H2O, Mr = 822.0 g/mol) is a complex macrolide formed by the fungus-like bacterium. It is present in drugs as tacrolimus monohydrate, white crystals, or … Topical Tacrolimus
Physiological background Itch results from activation of specialized afferent unmyelinated C fibers in the skin. These fibers are anatomically identical to those that conduct pain but differ in function and stimulus transmission to the brain. They contain a number of receptors such as histamine receptors, PAR-2, endothelin receptor, and TRPV1, and mediators such as histamine, … Itch
Symptoms Atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis, is a noncontagious, chronic inflammatory skin disease that causes episodes of red, rough, dry or weeping, crusted and scaly skin. Eczema can occur all over the body and is typically accompanied by severe itching. Patients have dry skin. In infants, the disease begins on the scalp and cheeks. Depending on … Atopic Dermatitis: Eczema
