How propofol works In general, the aim of anesthesia is to eliminate pain (analgesia) and consciousness (hypnosis) for the duration of an operation. Furthermore, the muscles should relax and natural reflexes should be suppressed (vegetative attenuation). At the beginning of anesthesia, loss of consciousness is induced with a hypnotic (sleeping pill) such as propofol. How … Propofol: effects, side effects, pregnancy
Products Propofol is commercially available as an emulsion for injection or infusion (Disoprivan, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Propofol obtained by distillation (C12H18O, Mr = 178.3 g/mol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a colorless to pale yellow, clear liquid that is sparingly soluble in water and miscible with hexane and … Propofol (Diprivan): Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Alfentanil is commercially available as a solution for injection (Rapifen). It has been approved in many countries since 1983. Structure and properties Alfentanil (C21H32N6O3, Mr = 416.5 g/mol) is a 4-anilidopiperidine and a tetrazole derivative. It is present in the drug as alfentanil hydrochloride, a white powder that is readily soluble in water. The … Alfentanil
Products Legally, a distinction can be made between legal intoxicants (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and prohibited substances (e.g., many hallucinogens, some amphetamines, opioids). Some substances, such as the opioids or the benzodiazepines, are used as drugs and are legally available with a doctor’s prescription. However, their use as intoxicants is not intended and is therefore referred … Intoxicant
General information A colonoscopy is an examination procedure in which the intestinal mucosa can be viewed with the help of a special tool, the endoscope. The endoscope is a movable tube with a camera at its end. This camera then transmits images of the intestinal mucosa to a screen which the doctor can view. Colonoscopy … Anesthesia for a colonoscopy– is that dangerous?
Advantages with anaesthesia One advantage of performing a colonoscopy under anaesthesia is clearly that one does not notice anything of the relatively unpleasant examination. A colonoscopy can certainly cause discomfort and sometimes pain. For example, air is blown into the intestine to allow the intestinal wall to unfold. This can be perceived as an unpleasant … Advantages with anaesthesia | Anesthesia for a colonoscopy– is that dangerous?
Duration of anaesthesia The duration of the colonoscopy depends on various factors. On the one hand, the condition of the intestine plays an important role. For example, if the bowel is very curved, visibility can be poor and the duration of the colonoscopy can therefore be extended. Furthermore, a colonoscopy takes longer if pathological changes … Duration of anaesthesia | Anesthesia for a colonoscopy– is that dangerous?
In contrast to general anaesthesia, only a certain area of the body is anaesthetized under partial or regional anaesthesia. In this region, the perception of pain, sensation and sometimes the ability to move is eliminated with the help of various procedures. For minor procedures, partial anesthesia alone may be sufficient. For larger, more extensive procedures, … What is a partial anesthesia?
Where can partial anesthesia be performed everywhere? A partial anesthesia can be used in many ways. For example, in gynaecological and obstetrical procedures (often epidural or spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section or vaginal delivery). A partial anaesthetic is also frequently used for operations on the extremities (arms/legs). This is especially true for operations on the … Where can partial anesthesia be performed everywhere? | What is a partial anesthesia?
Advantages of partial anesthesia The advantages include the fact that various important bodily functions/organ systems are significantly less stressed compared to general anesthesia. For example, partial anesthesia is particularly suitable for patients with chronic lung disease (e.g. COPD). These patients benefit from not needing to be ventilated during surgery. The metabolism and the acid-base balance … Advantages of partial anesthesia | What is a partial anesthesia?
What drugs or remedies are used? Usually, so-called “local anaesthetics” are used for partial anaesthesia. These work by penetrating the area of the corresponding nerve after injection and blocking the so-called “voltage-controlled sodium channels”, which are responsible for the transmission of pain. However, in inflamed tissue they have a much worse effect due to the … What drugs or remedies are used? | What is a partial anesthesia?
Definition Phenols are organic compounds consisting of aromatics bearing one or more hydroxyl groups (Ar-OH). The simplest representative is phenol: this in contrast to alcohols, which are bonded to an aliphatic radical. For example, benzyl alcohol is an alcohol and not a phenol. Nomenclature The names of phenols are formed with the suffix –phenol, e.g., … Phenols
