Anesthetics

Propofol (Diprivan): Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Products Propofol is commercially available as an emulsion for injection or infusion (Disoprivan, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Propofol obtained by distillation (C12H18O, Mr = 178.3 g/mol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a colorless to pale yellow, clear liquid that is sparingly soluble in water and miscible with hexane and … Propofol (Diprivan): Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Inhalation Anesthetics

Products Inhalation anesthetics are commercially available as volatile liquids or as gases for inhalation. Structure and properties Most inhalation anesthetics are halogenated ethers or hydrocarbons. Also used are inorganic compounds such as the gaseous nitrous oxide. The halogenated representatives exist as volatile liquids with a different boiling point. Because of their odor and irritant properties, … Inhalation Anesthetics

Ketamine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Products Ketamine is commercially available as a solution for injection (Ketalar, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1969. Esketamine nasal spray was approved in 2019 (Switzerland: 2020) for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (see there). Structure and properties Ketamine (C13H16ClNO, Mr = 237.7 g/mol) is a cyclohexanone derivative derived from phencyclidine (“angel … Ketamine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses

Isoflurane

Products Isoflurane is commercially available as a pure liquid and has been approved in many countries since 1984 (Forene, generic). Structure and properties Isoflurane (C3H2ClF5O, Mr = 184.5 g/mol) exists as a clear, colorless, mobile, heavy, stable, and nonflammable liquid that is practically insoluble in water. It has a slightly pungent and ether-like odor. The … Isoflurane

Methoxyflurane

Products Methoxyflurane has been approved in many countries since 2018 as a liquid to produce a vapor for inhalation (Penthrox, inhaler). In Australia, the drug has been used since the early 1970s. The active ingredient was originally launched in the 1960s as an anesthetic, but is no longer used as such. Structure and properties Methoxyflurane … Methoxyflurane

Diethyl Ether

Products Diethyl ether is available from specialty retailers as a pure substance. Structure and properties Diethyl ether (C4H10O, Mr = 74.1 g/mol) exists as a clear, colorless, and highly volatile liquid that is soluble in water. A disadvantage of the substance is that it is highly flammable and potentially explosive. The vapors are heavier than … Diethyl Ether

Etomidate

Products Etomidate is commercially available as an emulsion for injection (etomidate lipuro). It has been approved in many countries since 1993. Structure and properties Etomidate (C14H16N2O2, Mr = 244.3 g/mol) is a pure -enantiomer. The imidazole-5-carboxylate ester is present as a white powder that is very sparingly soluble in water. Effects Etomidate (ATC N01AX07) has … Etomidate

Sevoflurane

Products Sevoflurane is commercially available as a liquid (Sevorane, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1995. Structure and properties Sevoflurane (C4H3F7O, Mr = 200.1 g/mol) exists as a clear, colorless, and volatile liquid with a mild, ether-like odor that is sparingly soluble in water. It is an ether that is fluorinated seven … Sevoflurane

Nitrous Oxide

Products Nitrous oxide (chemical name: dinitrogen monoxide) is commercially available as an inhalation gas as a monopreparation and as a fixed combination with oxygen. It has been used medicinally since 1844. Structure and properties Nitrous oxide (N2O, Mr = 44.01 g/mol) exists as a colorless gas with a sweetish odor, obtained from ammonium nitrate by … Nitrous Oxide

Desflurane

Products Desflurane is commercially available as a liquid for the preparation of a vapor for inhalation (Suprane). It has been approved in the United States since 1992 and in many countries since 1995. Structure and properties Desflurane (C3H2F6O, Mr = 168.0 g/mol) is a hexafluorinated (halogenated) ether and a racemate. It exists as a clear, … Desflurane

Chloroform

Products In many countries, drugs containing chloroform are no longer on the market. Chloroform is available as a pure substance in specialized stores. It was first synthesized in 1831. Structure and properties Chloroform (CHCl3, Mr = 119.4 g/mol) is a trichlorinated methane. It exists as a colorless, volatile liquid with a sweetish odor and is … Chloroform