Products Glyphosate was developed by Monsanto in the 1970s (Roundup) and is the world’s best-selling herbicide, with production volumes in the hundreds of thousands of tons. There are also numerous products on the market in many countries. Structure and properties Glyphosate or -(phosphonomethyl)glycine (C3H8NO5P, Mr = 169.1 g/mol) is an -phosphonomethyl derivative of the amino … Glyphosate
Products Hydroquinone is commercially available in many countries as a drug product as a cream (combination preparation). Monopreparations are also available in some countries. Structure and properties Hydroquinone (C6H6O2, Mr = 110.1 g/mol) or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene exists as a white crystalline powder that is very soluble in water. It belongs to the diphenols or dihydroxybenzenes. Effects … Hydroquinone
Products Glatiramer acetate is commercially available as a solution for injection (Copaxone). It has been approved in many countries since 2004. Generic products were registered in 2015. Structure and properties Glatiramer acetate is the acetate salt of a synthetic polypeptide of the four natural amino acids glutamic acid, alanine, tyrosine, and lysine. The average molecular … Glatiramer Acetate
Products Toceranib is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Palladia). It is approved exclusively as a veterinary drug in many countries and has been since 2010. Structure and properties Toceranib (C22H25FN4O2, Mr = 396.5 g/mol) is present in drugs as the phosphate salt toceranib phosphate, a crystalline, yellow-orange powder. It has structural and … Toceranib
Products Some preparations containing amino acids are approved as medicinal products. These include, for example, methionine tablets or infusion preparations for parenteral nutrition. Amino acids are also marketed as dietary supplements, such as lysine, arginine, glutamine, and cysteine tablets. Protein powders such as whey protein can also be counted as amino acid supplements. Amino acids … Amino Acids
Definition Phenols are organic compounds consisting of aromatics bearing one or more hydroxyl groups (Ar-OH). The simplest representative is phenol: this in contrast to alcohols, which are bonded to an aliphatic radical. For example, benzyl alcohol is an alcohol and not a phenol. Nomenclature The names of phenols are formed with the suffix –phenol, e.g., … Phenols
Amino acids are vital substances without which our metabolism could not assemble proteins. In addition, they have other indispensable tasks, for example in the nervous system, in liver metabolism, in growth or in the formation of skin, hair and nails. Some amino acids can be produced by the human organism itself, while others must be … Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
Products Alkaloids and their derivatives are contained as active ingredients in numerous medicines. They have been used medicinally for thousands of years, such as opium with morphine or coca leaves with cocaine. In 1805, a pure alkaloid was extracted for the first time by the German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner with morphine. Structure and properties Alkaloids … Alkaloids
Phenylalanine is an amino acid that must be obtained from the diet. It is needed to make tyrosine, an important substance from which the skin pigment melanin, the thyroid hormone thyroxine, and the neurotransmitters catecholamines are made. It is also degraded by conversion to homogentisic acid. The normal phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolic pathway is as follows: Phenylalanine … Disorders of Phenylalanine-Tyrosine Metabolism
Structure and properties -Acetyltyrosine (C11H13NO4, Mr = 223.2 g/mol) is an acetylated tyrosine. It exists as a white crystalline powder or as colorless crystals and is readily soluble in water. Indications Food supplementation
Products Levodopa is marketed exclusively as combination products together with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa or benserazide) or a COMT inhibitor (entacapone). It has been approved in many countries since 1973 and is commercially available in tablet, capsule, suspendable tablet, and sustained-release tablet forms, among others. Structure and properties Levodopa (C9H11NO4, Mr = 197.2 g/mol) … Levodopa: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Levodopa for inhalation was approved in the United States in 2018 and in the EU in 2019 (Inbrija, capsules containing a powder for inhalation). Structure and properties Levodopa (C9H11NO4, Mr = 197.2 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. … Levodopa Inhalation