1st order laboratory parameters – obligatory laboratory tests. Blood gas analysis (ABG); arterial if centralization is present; otherwise, blood sampling from earlobe Results: Central cyanosis: decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2; depending on age, 78-95 mmHg) [= arterial hypoxia]. Peripheral cyanosis: normal arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Hemiglobin cyanosis* : central cyanosis with … Cyanosis: Test and Diagnosis
Subsequent examinations are essentially of importance when arterial hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen to the body) is present. Here, the goal is to clarify pulmonary or cardiac disease.Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification Pulse oximetry … Cyanosis: Diagnostic Tests
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of cyanosis. Family history What is the general health of your family members? Are there any diseases in your family that are common? Are there any hereditary diseases in your family? Social history What is your profession? Are you exposed to harmful working … Cyanosis: Medical History
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99) Central cyanosis Peripheral cyanosis Combination of central and peripheral cyanosis Hemiglobin cyanosis; causes of hemiglobin cyanosis are the occurrence of: Carboxyhemoglobin → carboxyhemoglobinemia. Methemoglobin → methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobin → carboxyhemoglobinemia Pseudocyanosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that can be caused by cyanosis as well: Blood, blood-forming organs – Immune system (D50-D90). Erythrocytosis – increase in the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99). Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (Pierre-Marie-Bamberger syndrome) with drumstick finger and watch glass nails. Symptoms and abnormal … Cyanosis: Complications
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, central mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of the eye) [cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and/or central mucous membranes): Central cyanosis* – bluish discoloration of skin and central … Cyanosis: Examination
To prevent cyanosis, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Hemoglobin cyanosis Central cyanosis Environmental exposures – intoxications Carbon dioxide poisoning Pesticide poisoning Hypobaric hypoxia (exposure to high altitude). Peripheral localized cyanosis Environmental stress – intoxications Cold Hemiglobin cyanosis Carboxyhemoglobinemia Environmental stress – intoxications CO intoxication (CO poisoning). Methemoglobinemia Environmental stresses – intoxications … Cyanosis: Prevention
The symptom cyanosis is described by: Central cyanosis* – bluish discoloration of skin and central mucous membranes (e.g., tongue). Peripheral cyanosis* – blue discoloration of the lips and the acras (finger/toe extremities, nose, ears); in contrast, the central mucous membranes are rosy! Generalized (e.g., in heart failure/heart failure). Localized (e.g., in phlebothrombosis/thrombotic occlusion of deep … Cyanosis: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
General measures Review of permanent medication due topossible effect on existing disease. Therapeutic measures Therapy for cyanosis depends on the cause: Hemoglobin cyanosis → therapy for underlying pulmonary and/or cardiac disease. Hemiglobin cyanosis: Carboxyhemoglobinemia → O2 administration only. Methemoglobinemia → ascorbic acid, methylene blue, or toluidine blue; detection and avoidance of the methemoglobin former. Sulfhemoglobin … Cyanosis: Therapy
Pathogenesis (development of disease) Cyanosis results from an increase in the amount of reduced hemoglobin in capillary blood. True cyanosis can be distinguished from pseudocyanosis. Pseudocyanosis is a bluish or grayish-bluish discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes that, unlike true cyanosis, is not due to hypoxemia (reduced oxygen content of the blood) or ischemia … Cyanosis: Causes
