Anatomy The pulmonary valve is one of the four valves of the heart and is located between the large pulmonary artery (truncus pulmonalis) and the right main chamber. The pulmonary valve is a pocket valve and usually consists of 3 pocket valves in total. These include: The pockets have an indentation which fill with blood … Pulmonary valve
Heart sounds are present in every healthy person and occur during the heart action. During the physical examination with the stethoscope, the auscultation, possible damage to the heart valves and cardiac dysrhythmia can be detected. A total of two heart sounds are normally audible, in children and adolescents under certain circumstances up to four. The … Heart Sounds
1st heartbeat Mainly the first heart sound is produced by the closing of the sail valves (mitral and tricuspid valves). Furthermore, a tension of the heart muscles can be observed, with simultaneous closure of the valves. Thus, the heart wall starts to vibrate and the first heart sound becomes audible. This is why it is … 1st heartbeat | Heart Sounds
Introduction The coronary arteries, popularly known as coronary arteries, supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. Immediately after the aortic valve, the two main branches of the coronary arteries emerge from the ascending part of the aorta. The left coronary artery mainly supplies the anterior wall of the heart and the right coronary artery supplies the … Coronary arteries – anatomy and diseases
Diseases of the coronary arteries A major cause of coronary artery disease is coronary artery disease (CHD), which leads to an insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle tissue. Under physical exertion the oxygen demand of the heart muscle increases. In a healthy person, the coronary arteries would dilate so that more oxygen-rich arterial blood … Diseases of the coronary arteries | Coronary arteries – anatomy and diseases
Definition As part of the “small” or pulmonary circulation, the right ventricle is located downstream of the right atrium (atrium dextrum) and pumps the oxygen-depleted blood into the pulmonary vessels, where it is again saturated with oxygen and then enters the body’s circulation via the left heart. Anatomy The heart lies rotated around its longitudinal … Right ventricle
Histology wall layering The wall layers are the same in all four heart interiors: The innermost layer is the endocardium, consisting of a single-layer epithelium, which is supported by the connective tissue lamina propria. The muscle layer (myocardium) is connected to the outside of this. The outermost layer is the epicardium. Blood supply The heart … Histology wall layering | Right ventricle
Definition The cardiac output per minute (HMV) is defined as the volume of blood pumped per minute from the heart into the body’s circulation. Alternatively, the term body time volume is also used, but the term cardiac output per minute is more common. The cardiac output per minute is used as a measure of the … Cardiac output per minute
Standard values of the cardiac output The heart minute volume is given in the unit volume per minute, as the name suggests. In a healthy adult, the cardiac output is 3.5 – 5 liters per minute. The values vary depending on individual circumstances and current requirements. A pregnant woman, for example, has a higher cardiac … Standard values of the cardiac output | Cardiac output per minute
Heart minute volume at rest At rest, the body’s need to be supplied with fresh blood and oxygen is lower than during exercise or sports. Overall, the heart beats more quietly at rest, the pulse is lower and the cardiac output is lower. Nevertheless, it is sufficient to supply the body with sufficient blood and … Heart minute volume at rest | Cardiac output per minute
Definition The heart muscle (myocardium) is a special type of muscle that is only found in the heart and forms most of the wall of the heart. Through its regular contractions, it is responsible for the blood being squeezed out of the heart (the heart’s task) and pumped through our body, making it vital. Structure … Myocardium
Excitation conduction and contraction The electrical excitation of the heart muscle is effected by a cardiac conduction system, which, as with smooth muscles, is based on the presence of spontaneously discharging (depolarizing) pacemaker cells. The first instance of this system is the so-called sinus node, the primary pacemaker. Here, the heart rate is set at … Excitation conduction and contraction | Myocardium
