Pathogenesis (disease development) The central feature of metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance (decreased response of cells of the human body to the hormone insulin; this primarily affects skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue) or hyperinsulinemia (excessive concentration of insulin in the blood). Genetic factors are probably mainly responsible for insulin resistance. In terms of pathophysiological … Metabolic Syndrome: Causes
General measures Adjustment of existing underlying diseases to optimal levels Nicotine restriction (refraining from tobacco use). Alcohol restriction (abstaining from alcohol) Aim for normal weight!Determination of BMI (body mass index, body mass index) or body composition by means of electrical impedance analysis and participation in a medically supervised weight loss program. Increase in physical activity! … Metabolic Syndrome: Therapy
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height [android body fat distribution – male fat distribution, the fat is predominantly located on the abdomen and thus the waist-to-hip ratio is ≥ 94 cm in men; ≥ 80 … Metabolic Syndrome: Examination
1st order laboratory parameters – obligatory laboratory tests. Small blood count Inflammatory parameters – CRP (C-reactive protein) or ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Fasting glucose (fasting blood glucose). HbA1c (long-term blood glucose value) Fasting insulin serum level [determination of insulin resistance: HOMA index (Homeostasis Model Assessment) or insulin resistance score according to Standl/Biermann – see under … Metabolic Syndrome: Lab Test
Therapy goals Improve prognosis by optimizing therapy for the diseases involved: Obesity (obesity) Diabetes mellitus type 2 Arterial hypertension (high blood pressure) Dyslipoproteinemia (hyperlipoproteinemia / lipid metabolism disorder). See also under “Further therapy“. The associated drug therapy can be found under the respective disease. Further notes Andropause therapy – in the context of diabetes therapy … Metabolic Syndrome: Drug Therapy
Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic workup Cardiological examinations Electrocardiogram (ECG; recording of the electrical activities of the heart muscle). Exercise ECG (electrocardiogram during exercise, that is, under physical activity/exercise ergometry). Long-term ECG 24-hour blood pressure … Metabolic Syndrome: Diagnostic Tests
Within the framework of micronutrient medicine (vital substances), vital substances (micronutrients) are used for supportive therapy. For more information, see: Obesity Diabetes mellitus type II Hypertension (high blood pressure) Hypercholesterolemia Hypertriglyceridemia The vital substance recommendations (micronutrients) are created with the help of medical experts. All statements are supported by scientific studies with high levels of … Metabolic Syndrome: Micronutrient Therapy
To prevent metabolic syndrome, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Diet Chronic overeating High caloric intake ↑↑ [due toobesity, hypertension (high blood pressure), type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia (LDL elevation)] High proportion of saturated fatty acids (↑) [due toobesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypercholesterolemia (LDL elevation)] High proportion … Metabolic Syndrome: Prevention
In Addison’s disease (synonyms: Addison’s disease; Addison’s melanosis; Addison’s syndrome; bronchial skin disease; bronchial disease; suprarenal melasma; primary adrenal insufficiency; primary adrenocortical insufficiency; primary adrenocortical atrophy; primary adrenocortical insufficiency; primary adrenocortical hypofunction; primary hypoadrenalism; primary hypoadrenocorticism; primary suprarenal insufficiency; ICD-10-GM E27. 1: Primary adrenocortical insufficiency: Addison’s disease) is primary adrenocortical insufficiency (NNR insufficiency; adrenocortical insufficiency). … Addison’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of Addison’s disease. Family history Is there a frequent history of metabolic disorders in your family? Social anamnesis Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed symptoms such as loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting? Do you feel … Addison’s Disease: Medical History
Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99). Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (underdevelopment of the adrenal glands)-genetic disorder with both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance; severe adrenal insufficiency (adrenal weakness) manifesting shortly after birth; males exhibit pseudohermaphroditism (form of intersexuality in which the chromosomal and gonadal sexes are male) Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (synonym: RSH syndrome (Opitz)) – … Addison’s Disease: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that can occur as a result of underdosing* or overdosing of drug therapy in Addison’s disease: Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders (E00-E90). Diabetes mellitus (diabetes). Dwarfism* Cushing’s disease – disease caused by an increased supply of glucocorticoids. Addison’s crisis (salt wasting crisis; severe circulatory disturbances that … Addison’s Disease: Complications
