Products Pure citric acid is available in pharmacies and drugstores as an open product. Specialty retailers can order it from Hänseler AG, for example. Structure and properties Citric acid (C6H8O7, Mr = 192.1 g/mol) usually exists as a white, crystalline, and odorless powder and is very soluble in water. In practice, citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7 … Citric Acid
Products Pure malic acid is available in specialized stores. The name of the acid is derived from Latin (apple), because it was first isolated from apple juice in 1785. Structure and properties Malic acid (C4H6O5, Mr = 134.1 g/mol) is an organic dicarboxylic acid which belongs to the hydroxycarboxylic acids. It exists as a white … Malic Acid
Definition Carboxylic acids are organic acids with the general structure R-COOH (less commonly: R-CO2H). It is composed of a residue, a carbonyl group, and a hydroxyl group. The functional group is called the carboxy group (carboxyl group). Molecules with two or three carboxy groups are called dicarboxylic acids or tricarboxylic acids. An example of a … Carboxylic Acids
Products Formic acid is available in pharmacies and drugstores in various dilutions. It is also included as an active ingredient in some medicines and in medical products, for example, in liniments and in wart remedies. Structure and properties Formic acid (HCOOH, Mr = 102.1 g/mol) is the simplest carboxylic acid. It consists of a hydrogen … Formic Acid
Definition Aldehydes are organic compounds with the general structure R-CHO, where R can be aliphatic and aromatic. The functional group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydrogen atom attached to its carbon atom. In formaldehyde, R is a hydrogen atom (HCHO). Aldehydes can be obtained, for example, by oxidation of alcohols or by … Aldehydes
Definition Esters are organic compounds formed by the reaction of an alcohol or phenol and an acid such as a carboxylic acid. The condensation reaction releases a water molecule. The general formula of esters is: esters can also be formed with thiols (thioesters), with other organic acids, and with inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid … Ester
Products Carbonic acid is present in very small quantities in, for example, mineral water (sparkling water) and sodas. Structure and properties Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 , M r = 62.0 g/mol) is a weak, biprotonic acid that is counted among the inorganic compounds despite the carbon atom. It is very unstable in the … Carbonic Acid
Products Lactic acid is available as a pure substance in pharmacies and drugstores. It is found in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medical products, including wart remedies, corn remedies, vaginal care products, skin care products, and callus removal products. Structure and properties Lactic acid (C3H6O3, Mr = 90.1 g/mol) is an organic acid belonging to the α-hydroxycarboxylic … Lactic Acid
Products Acetic acid is available as an aqueous solution in various concentrations in pharmacies and drugstores. Structure and properties Acetic acid (C2H4O2, Mr = 60.1 g/mol) or CH3-COOH is the simplest carboxylic acid after formic acid. It consists of a methyl and carboxyl group. It exists as a pure substance as a clear, volatile, colorless … Acetic Acid
Products Adipic acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and as an additive in foods. It was originally produced from fats (adeps). Structure and properties Adipic acid (C6H10O4, Mr = 146.14 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline, odorless and poorly hygroscopic powder and is sparingly soluble in water. In boiling water the solubility is … Adipic Acid
Products Acids are found in numerous drugs as active ingredients or as excipients. As pure substances, they are available in pharmacies and drugstores. In the household, they are found, for example, in lemon juice, fruit juice, vinegar and cleaning agents. Definition Acids (HA), with the exception of Lewis acids, are chemical compounds that contain a … Acids
Definition Phenols are organic compounds consisting of aromatics bearing one or more hydroxyl groups (Ar-OH). The simplest representative is phenol: this in contrast to alcohols, which are bonded to an aliphatic radical. For example, benzyl alcohol is an alcohol and not a phenol. Nomenclature The names of phenols are formed with the suffix –phenol, e.g., … Phenols
