Symptoms Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and systemic joint disease. It manifests as pain, symmetrically tense, achy, warm, and swollen joints, swelling, and morning stiffness that lasts for more than an hour. Initially, the hands, wrists, and feet are most affected, but later numerous other joints are also affected. Over time, deformities and rheumatoid … Rheumatoid Arthritis Causes and Treatment
Products TNF-α inhibitors are commercially available as injectable and infusion preparations. Infliximab (Remicade) was the first agent from this group to be approved in 1998, and in many countries in 1999. Biosimilars of some representatives are now available. Others will follow in the next few years. This article refers to biologics. Small molecules can also … TNF-Α Inhibitors
Products Etanercept is commercially available as a solution for injection (Enbrel, biosimilars). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. The biosimilars Benepali and Erlezi were approved in many countries in 2018. Structure and properties Etanercept is a dimeric fusion protein composed of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of TNF receptor-2 and the Fc domain … Etanercept
Symptoms Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, benign, and noninfectious skin disease. It manifests as symmetrical (bilateral), sharply demarcated, bright red, dry, raised plaques covered by silvery scales. Typically affected areas are the elbows, knees, and scalp. Itching, a burning sensation and pain are other symptoms, and scratching further aggravates the condition. Psoriasis can also affect … Psoriasis Causes and Treatment
Products Therapeutic proteins are usually administered in the form of injection and infusion preparations and must be stored in a refrigerator. The first recombinant protein to be approved was human insulin in 1982. Some proteins, for example, are also available in tablet, capsule, and powder form and can be stored at room temperature, such as … Therapeutic Proteins
Symptoms Possible symptoms of the disease include: Fever, chills Muscle pain Headache Fatigue, weakness, feeling of sickness Bilateral joint pain and joint inflammation with redness and swelling (monoarthritis to polyarthritis). They often affect the peripheral joints of the hands, feet and knees. Maculopapular rash, especially on the trunk and extremities. Joint symptoms can last for … Ross River Virus
Products Immunosuppressants are commercially available in numerous dosage forms, for example, as creams, ointments, tablets, capsules, solutions, eye drops, and injectables. Structure and properties Within immunosuppressants, several groups can be identified. These include steroids such as the glucocorticoids, substances of microbiological origin such as ciclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil, derivatives of nucleic acids and their components … Immunosuppressants
Products Biosimilars are copycat preparations of biotechnology-derived drugs (biologics) that have strong similarities to the originator drugs but that are not exactly the same. The similarity relates to biological activity, structure, function, purity and safety, among other things. Biosimilars differ from generics of small molecule drugs in important ways. Biosimilars are usually marketed as injection … Biosimilars
Introduction The immune system is essential for the survival of every human being. In the course of evolution, the human immune system has evolved into the so-called adaptive immune system. This gives us the possibility to react more differentiated and effective to bacteria and viruses. The immune system protects us. It helps us to better … Biologics
Active substance/effect Most biologics are proteins. There are different generations of biologics and therefore also of TNF-α inhibitors. The generations differ from the production. The ending of the name tells how much mouse protein is still present in the active ingredients. With the ending -omab there is 100%, with the ending -ximab there is still … Active substance/effect | Biologics
Dosage Since the bilogikas are usually proteins, they must be given parenterally (via an infusion). Oral administration is not possible, as the body would then digest them and the active ingredients would not be able to exert their effect. The dosage depends on the active ingredient and the disease in question. Usually the dose is … Dosage | Biologics
When should biologicals not be taken? If there is a previous history of tuberculosis, TNF-α inhibitors must not be used. This is independent of how long ago the tuberculosis occurred. The reason for this is that inactivated tuberculosis bacteria are still present in the body once someone has contracted tuberculosis. These tuberculosis bacteria are inactive … When should biologicals not be taken? | Biologics
