Infectious Diseases

AIDS (HIV): Complications

The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by AIDS: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Recurrent pneumonia (pneumonia; usually community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)); most common pathogens (in descending order): Pneumococcus, Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP); at 50%, the most common initial manifestation of AIDS disease), respiratory viruses, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus … AIDS (HIV): Complications

AIDS (HIV): Classification

HIV/AIDS classification: CDC classification (CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Category Clinical stages Symptoms/diseases A Acute HIV infection Asymptomatic HIV infection Acute, symptomatic (primary) HIV infection/acute HIV syndrome (also in the history): mononucleosis-like clinical picture with short-term lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), fever and splenomegaly (spleen enlargement) Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (LAS) > 3 … AIDS (HIV): Classification

AIDS (HIV): Examination

A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight [unintentional weight loss], height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, pharynx (throat), and sclera (white part of the eye) [exanthema (rash), pharyngitis (pharyngitis), mucosal ulcerations (ulcers on the mucous membranes), hairy … AIDS (HIV): Examination

AIDS (HIV): Lab Test

1st order laboratory parameters – obligatory laboratory tests. Current HIV screening test (Ag-Ak combination test) [diagnostic gap: 6 weeks]. HIV 1-p24 antigen [if positive → acute HIV 1 infection likely]. Ak against HIV type 1/2 Two-step diagnostics according to the recommendations of the DVV: Serological screening with subsequent confirmatory diagnostics by antibody-based test systems such … AIDS (HIV): Lab Test

AIDS (HIV): Drug Therapy

Therapy goals Prolongation of survival Partner management in the case of a fresh HIV infection, i.e. infected partners, if any, must be located and treated (contacts in the last three months or from the time until the last negative test must be informed). Therapy recommendations The following are the current WHO recommendations: Every HIV-positive person … AIDS (HIV): Drug Therapy

AIDS (HIV): Diagnostic Tests

Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification. X-ray of the chest (X-ray thorax/chest), in two planes – for suspected pneumonia (pneumonia), tuberculosis. Computed tomography of the skull (cranial CT, cranial CT or cCT) – if sinusitis … AIDS (HIV): Diagnostic Tests

AIDS (HIV): Micronutrient Therapy

A risk group indicates the possibility that the disease may be associated with the risk of vital substance deficiency (micronutrients). The complaint HIV disease indicates a vital substance (micronutrient) deficiency for: Vitamin B1 Vitamin B12 Vitamin E Selenium Zinc Within the framework of micronutrient medicine (vital substances), the following vital substances (micronutrients) are used for … AIDS (HIV): Micronutrient Therapy

AIDS (HIV): Prevention

For the prevention of HIV infection, the following protective factors are important; furthermore, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Relative protective factors Circumcision (circumcision) for non-HIV-infected men-mitigation of HIV transmission risk by: Removal of the prepuce (foreskin, which, unlike the glans penis (glans), is abundant with cells that are targeted by HIV. … AIDS (HIV): Prevention

AIDS (HIV): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

The following symptoms and complaints may indicate HIV infection: Symptoms of acute HIV disease General feeling of illness Loss of appetite Arthralgia (joint pain) Cephalgia (headache) Diarrhea (diarrhea) Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Exanthem (rash), maculopapular (“nodular-spotty”); truncal; occurring 3 to 6 weeks after infection (in 50% of cases). Fever Lymphadenopathy (enlargement of the lymph … AIDS (HIV): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

AIDS (HIV): Causes

Pathogenesis (development of disease) Infection with HIV can occur through unprotected coitus (sexual intercourse), contaminated blood products, or from mother to child (horizontal transmission). In the body, the virus binds to the CD4 receptor site of T helper cells and others. The virus then penetrates the infected cell and then converts the RNA into double-stranded … AIDS (HIV): Causes

Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina): Drug Therapy

Therapeutic targets Elimination of the pathogens Avoidance of complications Therapy recommendations Antibiosis (antibiotic therapy). Symptomatic therapy (analgesics/painkillers, antiemetics/anti-nausea and anti-nausea drugs, if necessary). See also under “Further therapy“. Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs that are administered when an infection with a bacterium is present. They act either bacteriostatic, by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, or bactericidal, … Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina): Drug Therapy

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Or something else? Differential Diagnosis

Diseases that may cause SIRS: Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Bleeding, unspecified Ischemia, unspecified – reduced blood supply to an organ. Liver, gallbladder and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87). Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93). Ileus (intestinal obstruction) Injuries, poisoning, and other consequences of external causes … Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Or something else? Differential Diagnosis