Specialty diabetology Diabetology deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus can occur in various forms. The most important are type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as gestational diabetes. All forms of diabetes are caused by a deficiency or lack of effectiveness of the blood sugar-lowering hormone insulin. This … Diabetology
What is insulin? The body’s own insulin is a blood sugar-lowering hormone that is produced in the pancreas. It plays a central role in many metabolic processes in the body, especially in blood sugar. It is therefore crucial in diabetes mellitus: patients’ abnormally high blood glucose levels are either due to the body producing too … Insulin in diabetes therapy
Products Acarbose is commercially available in tablet form (Glucobay). It is usually combined with other agents such as metformin, insulin, or sulfonylureas to enhance the antidiabetic effect. Acarbose has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Acarbose (C25H43NO18, Mr = 645.60 g/mol) is a pseudotetrasaccharide obtained from the bacterium by fermentation. It … Acarbose Effects and Side Effects
Products Benfluorex was marketed in many countries as Mediaxal (150 mg, Servier) until 1998. Today, it is no longer on the market. In France and other European countries, it was available as Mediator, among other products. Its approval was not withdrawn in France until 2009, although the risk for cardiotoxic side effects of comparable drugs … Benfluorex
Humans have approximately 10,000 taste buds, each of which contains 50 to 100 taste cells that come into contact with the substrate to be tasted via tiny taste buds and then report their information to the central nervous system (CNS) via afferent nerve fibers. About 75% of the buds are integrated into the mucosa of … Taste Buds: Structure, Function & Diseases
Products GW1516 is not registered as a drug and is not commercially available. It is reportedly traded on the black market. Structure and properties GW1516 (C21H18F3NO3S2, Mr = 453.5 g/mol) is a thiazole derivative. Effects GW1516 activates PPAR-delta (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor). It promotes fat loss and muscle building and may increase performance and endurance. It … GW1516
Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 1 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), coma, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. The disease usually manifests in childhood or adolescence and is therefore also called … Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Untreated diabetes is far from harmless and can lead in the longer term to … Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment
Products The inhaled human insulin Exubera (Pfizer, powder inhalation) is no longer commercially available. It was withdrawn from the market in 2007 for commercial reasons. In 2014, a new product was approved in the United States; see Inhalable Insulin. Structure and properties Human insulin (C257H383N65O77S6, Mr = 5808 g/mol) is a polypeptide with the structure … Exubera
Products In late September 2016, the first so-called “artificial pancreas” was approved in the United States, Medtronic’s MiniMed 670G system. The system will be available by physician prescription in spring 2017. How it works The device measures glucose levels every five minutes with a sensor under the skin (subcutaneous) in tissue fluid and automatically delivers … Artificial Pancreas
Definition Thiols are organic compounds with the general structure R-SH. They are sulfur analogs of alcohols (R-OH). R can be aliphatic or aromatic. The simplest aliphatic representative is methanethiol, the simplest aromatic is thiophenol (analogue of phenol). Thiols are formally derived from hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a … Thiols
Products Octreotide is commercially available as an injectable (Sandostatin, Sandostatin LAR, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1988. Structure and properties Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide derivative of the hormone somatostatin. It is present in the drug as octreotide acetate and has the following structure: D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-ol, xCH3COOH (x = 1.4 to 2.5). … Octreotide
