The spinal cord skin is the term used to describe the structured connective tissue that surrounds the entire spinal cord in layers. However, from the spinal cord, the spinal cord skin extends upward (cranially) toward the head, where it eventually merges with the meninges through the foramen magnum (the opening at the back of the … Spinal Cord Skin: Structure, Function & Diseases
Synonyms Medical: Meninx encephali Definition The meninges are a connective tissue layer that surrounds the brain. In the spinal canal, it merges into the spinal cord skin. The human being has three meninges. From outside to inside, these are the hard meninges (dura mater or leptomeninx encephali), and the soft meninges (pia mater or pachymeninx … Meninges
Pia mater The pia mater forms the innermost layer of the meninges. It lies directly against the brain tissue and also follows its twists and turns. It forms a layer of connective tissue around the blood vessels entering the nerve tissue and thus accompanies them to the inside of the brain. Innervation and blood supply … Pia mater | Meninges
Irritation of the meninges The meninges are innervated by sensitive nerves and are therefore sensitive to pain. For this reason, an irritation of the meninges can trigger symptoms such as headaches. Irritation of the meninges can have various causes: For example, sunstroke alone can cause irritation of the meninges. However, viral infections are often the … Irritation of the meninges | Meninges
Meningeal injury Depending on which area of the meninges is injured, different consequences follow and different treatments are required: Bridge veins run between the cytoplasm, the so-called arachnoidea mater, and the hard meninges, the so-called dura mater. If an injury occurs in the area of these veins, a venous bleeding, also called subdural bleeding, occurs. … Meningeal injury | Meninges
Synonyms Basal skull fracture Cranial roof fractures (skull calotte fracture) Basal skull fractures (skull base fracture) Facial skull fractures The skull base is formed by parts of the frontal bone (Os frontale), sphenoid bone (Os sphenoidale), ethmoid bone (Os ethmoidale), occipital bone (Os occipitale) and temporal bone (Os temporale). The inner cranial base is divided … Skull base fracture
Diagnosis Important for the diagnosis are first of all the medical history and a possible course of the accident as well as the physical examination, whereby special attention is paid to external injuries, consciousness, pupil reaction and function of the brain nerves. Then a cranial computer tomogram (cCT) (CT of the head) is made, which … Diagnosis | Skull base fracture
Healing A skull base fracture is by no means a life-threatening injury in all cases, so that emergency intervention or intensive therapy is not always necessary. If, for example, there are only fine cracks in the base of the skull or if the individual, small fragments are not displaced in relation to each other, the … Healing | Skull base fracture
Consequences of a basal skull fracture The consequences of a skull base fracture depend largely on the possible concomitant injuries and (late) complications. An uncomplicated basal skull fracture without concomitant injuries or complications and without displaced fragments usually heals without consequences after a few days or weeks. The undesirable complications and consequences of a complicated … Consequences of a basal skull fracture | Skull base fracture
Complicated skull base fracture The situation is different for a complicated fracture, i.e. when the individual fragments are shifted against each other. Then an operation should be performed to bring the fragments back into their correct position and to stabilize them with plates, wires and/or screws if necessary. After the surgical procedure, patients must remain … Complicated skull base fracture | Skull base fracture
Skull base fracture in the child Craniocerebral trauma in children and toddlers – caused by e.g. falling from diaper-changing chests, falling down stairs or climbing frames – is unproblematic in most cases. In a few cases, however, serious injuries such as a fracture of the base of the skull can also occur in small children. … Skull base fracture in the child | Skull base fracture
Neuropathology is concerned with pathologic changes of the central and peripheral nervous systems in deceased, as well as living, patients. Biopsies of muscles and nerves are a major procedure in neuropathology, along with cerebrospinal fluid sampling. Within Europe, Germany is the only country where neuropathology forms an independent branch of pathology. What is neuropathology? Neuropathology … Neuropathology: Treatment, Effects & Risks
