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Triamcinolone: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How triamcinolone works Triamcinolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid that primarily has an anti-inflammatory effect. It penetrates body cells, binds internally to specific glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory substances such as cytokines and prostaglandin. In addition, glucocorticoids such as triamcinolone inhibit the maturation/activation of certain immune cells (T and B cells) and … Triamcinolone: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Vardenafil: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How vardenafil works Vardenafil is an active ingredient from the group of PDE-5 inhibitors with vasodilatory properties. An erection occurs when the erectile tissue of the penis fills with blood during sexual arousal. Normally, there is little blood flow to them because the blood vessels are narrow – the smooth muscle cells in the vessel … Vardenafil: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Losartan: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How losartan works As a representative of the so-called AT1 inhibitors (“sartans”), losartan blocks the docking sites of the messenger substance angiotensin II on the blood vessel walls. As a result, the vasoconstrictor messenger can no longer transmit its effect – the blood vessels dilate and the blood pressure slowly drops. Sartans such as losartan … Losartan: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Digitoxin: Effects, uses, side effects

How digitoxin works Digitoxin inhibits an enzyme (the magnesium-dependent Na/K-ATPase) that is anchored in the cell membrane and carries sodium ions out of the cell and, in turn, potassium ions into the cell. As a result, the sodium concentration inside the cell increases, while at the same time the potassium concentration inside the cell decreases. … Digitoxin: Effects, uses, side effects

Levodopa: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How levodopa works Levodopa improves the slowed mobility and stiffness in patients with Parkinson’s disease by increasing the concentration of dopamine in the brain as a precursor to dopamine. The messenger substance dopamine is used in the brain to transmit signals between nerve cells – especially those involved in controlling movement. An important region for … Levodopa: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Carbamazepine: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How carbamazepine works As an antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine reduces the hyperexcitability of nerve cells by blocking certain ion channels in the cell membranes. This reduces the risk of an epileptic seizure. In diseases of the nervous system, this controlled balance can be disturbed. For example, excitation may be increased or inhibition may be reduced due … Carbamazepine: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Moxonidine: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How moxonidine works Like many drugs for cardiovascular diseases, moxonidine acts on the so-called sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system for short). This part of the autonomic nervous system sets the body’s organs to perform: The antagonist of the sympathetic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system, which provides rest, regeneration and increased digestion. Via … Moxonidine: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Tilidin: Effects, uses, side effects

How tilidine works Opioids such as tilidine achieve their pain-relieving (analgesic) effect by activating opioid receptors in the human body. The body’s own endorphins (endogenous painkillers), which are not structurally related, also bind to the same receptors. By activating the opioid receptors, tilidine indirectly inhibits the pain-mediating neuronal systems in the body. The time to … Tilidin: Effects, uses, side effects

Prednisolone: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

How does prednisolone work? Prednisolone inhibits inflammation, counteracts allergic reactions, and suppresses the body’s defenses (immunosuppression). Glucocorticoids such as prednisolone bind to so-called glucocorticoid receptors in the body. They are typically located inside the cell. After successful binding, the glucocorticoid-receptor complex enters the cell nucleus. There it influences the activity of various genes whose products … Prednisolone: Effects, Uses, Side Effects

Possible Applications of Endoscopy

Endoscopy is the generic term for all the medical procedures that end in “-skopie” and whose designation is derived in each case from the mirrored area, e.g. gastroscopy (mirroring of the stomach), rectoscopy and colonoscopy (rectum and colon), laparoscopy (abdomen), bronchoscopy (respiratory tract), urethroscopy and cystoscopy (ureter and urinary bladder), arthroscopy (joint). What they all … Possible Applications of Endoscopy

Endoscopy: Periscopes for the Inner Worlds of the Body

Periscopes not only allow you to peek around the corner into your neighbor’s garden unnoticed, but also to explore the inner workings of a body. Over the past few decades, endoscopy has become a permanent fixture in medical diagnostics and therapy. As early as thousands of years ago, the first doctors tried to get an … Endoscopy: Periscopes for the Inner Worlds of the Body