Synonyms in a broader sense
Skin burns, skin burns
1. chemical burn of the esophagus
Esophageal burns are divided into three stages.
- Grade 1: Increased blood circulation and swelling of the mucosa
- Grade 2: Ulcers and whitish coatings become visible
- Grade 3: Ulcers and dying tissue, penetrates all tissue layers; danger of perforation
Typical burns are severe burning of the esophagus and pain of destruction in the throat, pharynx and in the area behind the breastbone. Burns of the lips, tongue and oral cavity are also found.
If a burn of the esophagus is suspected, an emergency endoscopy is performed to estimate the extent of the damage. Remains of the corrosive substances are aspirated if necessary. Irrigation can also be performed using the endoscope.
The diagnosis can be made on the basis of the image of the mucous membrane. An endoscope for irrigation is not always available. The patient should therefore be encouraged to drink a lot to rinse off the acid or lye.
A sufficient dilution cannot be achieved, as too much water would be necessary, depending on the amount of fluid swallowed. Painkiller therapy is available as an immediate measure. Antibiotics prevent a bacterial infection of the maltreated tissue.
If the burn is severe, the administration of cortisone may become necessary. Surgery is also necessary in the most severe cases that cannot be controlled with medication. The esophagus may have to be partially removed.
After severe burns, there is a possibility of adhesions forming. These are usually late effects. It can even lead to closure of the esophagus.
Scar carcinomas (malignant degeneration of the scar tissue) can also develop after 10 to 20 years. Regular check-ups are therefore indicated. Bleeding and breakthroughs occur as early complications.
The prognosis depends on the concentration (strength) and the duration of exposure to the chemical substance. On average, about 10% of those affected die as a result of a chemical burn. The formation of scarred adhesions occurs in 10%. It is also possible that the oesophagus will have to be removed at a later stage due to adhesions that cannot be treated or a malignant tumor.