Cause for the body’s reaction
The wasp venom contains various enzymes. These are proteins that optimize (catalyze) chemical reactions, such as the splitting of certain molecules. In particular, hyaluronidase (cleaves hyaluronic acid – an essential component of the space between the cells) and various phospholipases (cleaves so-called phospholipids, which are, among other things, components of cell membranes) play an important role in the reaction.
The substances contained in the toxin cause on the one hand a local destruction of tissue and on the other hand, after a few seconds to minutes, a reaction of the immune system and thus a slight, physiological inflammatory reaction. The body locally increases the temperature and blood circulation to create an optimal working environment for the immune cells. We perceive this as redness, warmth and swelling.
The itching is also caused by the substances in the poison as well as by the reaction of the immune system.Even hours or days after the wasp sting, the area can still be sensitive. This is mainly due to an increased sensitivity of the nerve fibers in the area of the sting – a normal reaction of the body, which should tell us that it is better to spare the injured region. In case of a wasp sting allergy, the immune system of the affected person reacts excessively.
This can take the form of a local reaction (very large wheals or swelling), a general reaction with nausea, headache or rash all over the body, or with shortness of breath and life-threatening allergic (anaphylactic) shock. This is caused by cells that mistakenly classify the actually harmless sting as extremely dangerous and release excessive amounts of messenger substances (such as histamines). The result is a drop in blood pressure and a narrowing of the respiratory tract, resulting in an undersupply of oxygen to the brain (and other organs). Slighter manifestations show generalized rashes with itching as well as symptoms such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting.
