Digestive System
The digestive system contains the internal organs that serve to absorb, break down and transport food.In addition, the internal organs of the digestive tract digest food and make the nutrients contained therein available to the body. The organs of the digestive system are the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, liver with bile ducts and pancreas. In the mouth, food is crushed and saliva is added.
In the stomach it is transformed into food pulp and enriched with gastric juice. The bile duct opens in the duodenum, where pancreatic juice (used to digest protein and fat) and bile (used to digest fat) are added to the slurry. In the small intestine, which is divided into the jejunum and ileum, the absorption of the split proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and water takes place.
In the large intestine, the excrement is collected so that bowel movements can take place at intervals. Water and electrolytes are also absorbed here. The large digestive glands liver (with gallbladder) and pancreas produce digestive juices that break down food enzymatically and allow the absorption of nutrients. The lower part of the digestive tract is mainly used to excrete indigestible food components and to absorb water.
Urogenital System
The urogenital system includes the urinary and genital organs. The urinary organs include the internal organs kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. The two kidneys perform a variety of functions.
On the one hand, end products of metabolism (so-called urinary substances) and toxins are excreted from the body. On the other hand, the kidneys regulate the water balance and the adjustment of the blood pressure. By regulating and controlling the composition of the urine, the electrolyte balance and the acid-base balance of the body are also controlled.
Every day about 1800 liters of blood flow through the kidneys (about 300 times the body’s blood volume), which is filtered by the organs to about 180 liters of primary urine. This is concentrated by dehydration to less than two liters of final urine. The urine collects in the so-called renal pelvis, which is already counted among the urinary tract.
From there, the urine is transported via the ureter to the bladder. From the bladder the urine is excreted via the urethra. The sexual organs are also part of the urogenital system.
The genitals are used for direct reproduction and are divided into external and internal sexual organs. In women, the external sexual organs are the pubic area, the outer and small labia, the vaginal vestibule and the clitoris. The inner female sexual organs are connected to the outer ones through the vagina and end at the cervix, which merges into the uterus.
The uterus is the place where fertilized eggs implant. The ovaries produce and mature the eggs. They enter the uterus via the fallopian tube.
The internal reproductive organs in men include the testicles, which produce the male germ cells (sperm), as well as the epididymis and the spermatic ducts, which are responsible for the transport of semen. The external sexual organs penis and scrotum are not considered internal organs. However, the penis is part of the urinary tract, since it surrounds the urethra, which is one of the internal organs of the urinary tract.
