Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnosticsand obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic workup Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – as an obligatory diagnostic test in trauma patients; for diagnosis of anemia (anemia). X-ray of the thorax (X-ray thorax / chest), … Respiratory Alkalosis: Diagnostic Tests
To prevent respiratory (breathing-related) alkalosis, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Psychosocial situation. Anxiety Mental, emotional stress Stay at high altitude Stay in greater heat
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate respiratory (breathing-related) alkalosis: Dyspnea–difficulty breathing, feeling short of breath. Paresthesias (sensory disturbances). Dizziness Tetanic manifestations – muscle spasms, to paw-like cramping of the hands.
General measures Eliminate the basic malfunction In the case of hyperventilation: rebreathing the exhaled air, for example, by means of a bag. Avoid long and frequent stays at high altitude and heat Review of permanent medication due topossible effect on the existing disease. Avoidance of psychosocial stress: Anxiety Mental, emotional stress Vaccinations The following vaccinations … Respiratory Alkalosis: Therapy
Pathogenesis (disease development) In respiratory alkalosis, increased respiration (hyperventilation) is present. As a result, too much CO2 is released from the lungs. As a result, the partial pressure of pCO2 in the blood decreases (hypocapnia) and the pH rises above 7.45. Etiology (Causes) Biographic causes Age – Psychogenic hyperventilation occurs predominantly in females during puberty … Respiratory Alkalosis: Causes
Respiratory System (J00-J99) Bronchial asthma Hematothorax – accumulation of blood in the pleural space (airless space between the lung and pleura). Pulmonary edema – accumulation of water in the lungs. Pneumonia (pneumonia) Restrictive lung disease, this is a condition in which the lung and/or thorax (chest) is/are reduced in distensibility; this includes the following conditions: … Respiratory Alkalosis: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by respiratory (breathing-related) alkalosis: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Cor pulmonale – right heart enlargement due to lung structural changes. Cardiovascular system (I00-I99) Cardiac arrhythmias Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency to heart failure). Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99) Disorders of consciousness Coma Seizures Symptoms … Respiratory Alkalosis: Follow-up
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes and sclerae (white part of the eye). Auscultation (listening) of the heart. Auscultation of the lungs [dyspnea – difficult breathing, feeling of shortness of breath]. Palpation … Respiratory Alkalosis: Examination
Acid-base status PH ↑ Bicabonate (HCO3-) current ↓ Bicarbonate standard – normal Basenexcess (base excess) – normal Blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) (hypocapnia) ↓ Other possible examinations Blood oxygen partial pressure (pO2) – unchanged or ↓ Oxygen saturation (SpO2) Acidoses and alkaloses Acidosis Alkalosis metabolic respiratory metabolic respiratory comp. decomp. comp. decomp. comp. decomp. … Respiratory Alkalosis: Lab Test
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of respiratory (breathing-related) alkalosis. Family history Social history What is your occupation? Is there any evidence of psychosocial stress or strain due to your family situation? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed any sensory disturbances? Have you noticed … Respiratory Alkalosis: Medical History