Laboratory parameters of 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. IgM and IgG antibodies – for detection of acute rubella infection [detection of IgM antibodies or a significant IgG antibody titer increase]. HAH test (hemagglutination inhibition test) > 1:32 – sufficient immunity. Laboratory parameters 2nd order – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, … Rubella (German Measles): Test and Diagnosis
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of rubella (German measles). Family history What is the current health status of your family members? Social history What is your profession? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed a small-spotted rash? Have you noticed a fever and/or headache? … Rubella (German Measles): Medical History
Skin and subcutaneous (L00-L99). Drug exanthema – rash due to allergic reactions to various drugs. Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Enterovirus infections Erythema infectiosum (ringworm). Morbilli (measles) Scarlatina (scarlet fever) Injuries, poisonings, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98). Allergic reactions, unspecified
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by postnatally acquired rubella: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Bronchitis (rare; occurrence especially in older age). Blood, blood-forming organs – immune system (D50-D90). Thrombocytopenia (deficiency of platelets) – resulting in an increased risk of bleeding. Cardiovascular system (I00-I99). Pericarditis and myocarditis (inflammation of … Rubella (German Measles): Complications
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of the eye) [leading symptom: small-spot exanthema (rash) that begins on the face and spreads over the body – persists for one … Rubella (German Measles): Examination
Therapeutic target Improvement of the symptomatology Therapy recommendations Symptomatic therapy: Antipyretic/antipyretic drug to reduce fever (if needed); first-line drug is acetaminophen If necessary, analgesics / painkillers for the therapy of arthritides / inflammatory joint diseases or arthralgias / joint pain.
Diagnosis of rubella infection is made on the basis of history and physical examination. Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification in case of existing secondary diseases. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – … Rubella (German Measles): Diagnostic Tests
Rubella vaccination as a combination vaccination mumps–measles–rubella (MMR) or mumps-measles-rubella varicella (in childhood) is the most important and effective preventive measure.Furthermore, for the prevention of rubella (German measles), attention must be paid to a reduction of risk factors. Behavioral risk factors No sufficient vaccination protection Contact with sick persons in the phase of infection. This … Rubella (German Measles): Prevention
Approximately 50% of rubella infections are asymptomatic (without symptoms) in children; in adolescents and adults, >30% are oligo- or asymptomatic (few or no clinical symptoms). The following symptoms and complaints may indicate postnatally acquired rubella: Leading symptoms Small-spotted macular or maculopapular exanthema (rash) that begins on the face and spreads over the body; persists for … Rubella (German Measles): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) Rubella is transmitted by droplet infection. In the upper respiratory tract, the viruses penetrate the mucosa, multiply, and spread through the blood system throughout the body, but especially in the lymphatic system. Diaplacental ( “through the placenta” ) transmission is possible. Etiology (causes) Behavioral causes Lack of adequate vaccination protection Contact with … Rubella (German Measles): Causes
