Menopause

The menopause is the period of hormonal change at the end of a woman’s fertile period until menopause. A few years before menopause, the hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone already flatten out. The complete changeover lasts until a few years after menopause.

Overall, the menopause can be expected to last 8-10 years. During this period, the hormonal changes and the resulting reactions of the body can lead to changes and complaints. Activation of the central nervous system with hot flushes, mood swings, sweating and an increased pulse rate are not untypical. If the symptoms persist, they can be alleviated with medication. As the menopause subsides, the symptoms usually subside as the body adapts to the new conditions.

Anemia

Anemia is a common disease. It typically results in paleness, weakness, fatigue and an elevated pulse rate. The increased pulse rate is a compensatory mechanism to maintain the supply of blood to the body despite the anemia.

Weakness and fatigue, on the other hand, already indicate a relative lack of blood in various areas of the body. Probably the most common cause of anemia is an iron deficiency, which results in reduced blood formation. Blood losses due to bleeding, chronic diseases, tumor diseases or infections are also frequent causes of anemia.

Severe blood loss/shock

A severe blood loss can have many causes. In total, an adult human has a blood volume of 4.5-6 litres. Blood losses of up to 1 litre can usually be compensated by the body without any problems.

In order to guarantee the blood supply to the body’s organs and cells, a reduced blood volume increases the activity of the cardiovascular system, which in turn increases blood pressure and pulse rate. As blood loss increases, the heart can no longer fill up sufficiently with blood, causing blood pressure to drop. In response to the drop in blood pressure, the heart rate continues to rise. A shock is when the systolic blood pressure drops below the pulse rate. The therapy of shock consists of controlling blood loss and supplying fluid and blood products as quickly as possible to maintain circulation.

Pulmonary embolism

In pulmonary embolism, a blockage of a pulmonary artery by a so-called “embolus” occurs. In most cases this is a blood clot that is flushed into the lung from another part of the body and then blocks a blood vessel. The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is leg vein thrombosis, which loosens and is washed into the lungs via the heart.

Depending on the extent of the blocked vessel, pulmonary embolism can lead to severe reactions of the cardiovascular system. A strain on the heart is also not untypical, which can cause the heart to race. Typically, shortness of breath and chest pain continue to occur. In order to limit the damage to the lungs, an attempt must be made to make the blocked vessel pass through again as quickly as possible using various procedures in order to restore blood flow.