Phospholipids, also called phosphatides, are present in every cell of the human body and belong to the membrane lipid family. They form the main component of the lipid bilayer of a biomembrane, such as the cell membrane. In the myelin membrane of Schwann’s cells, which surround the axons of nerve cells, the phospholipid content is … Phospholipids
Various definitions currently exist for the term probiotics (Greek pro bios – for life). According to the definition by Fuller 1989, a probiotic is “a preparation of living microorganisms which, after oral application, influences the ratio of intestinal germs in such a way that positive effects on the organism result.” At the European level, the … Probiotics: Definition, Transport and Distribution
With the experimental and clinical studies currently available, it can be demonstrated that probiotics are capable of the following beneficial effects: Promotion or maintenance of optimal intestinal flora. Prevention of colonization of pathogenic germs in the intestine and the passage of pathogenic bacteria through the intestinal wall (translocation). Formation of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, … Probiotics: Functions
Intake recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are not yet available for probiotics. Foods containing strains of bacteria with probiotic activity, such as lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli). Acidified milk products Tilsit Fermented vegetables Acidified milk/soured milk Mountain cheese Sour cucumbers Buttermilk Cheddar Sauerkraut Sour cream Brie Beet Yogurt Camembert Green beans (lactic acid fermented) … Probiotics: Food
Several studies examined the intake of high doses of probiotics over a long period of time. To date, no side effects have been identified with probiotic ingestion. Even at doses equivalent to 1,000 times the normal intake, no associations between infections that occurred and probiotic intake were identified. The Federal Institute for Consumer Health Protection … Probiotics: Safety Assessment
Rose root (Rhodiola rosea) is a member of the family of the thick-leaf plants (Crassulaceae) and grows both in the high mountains and on moist cliffs of the Arctic or northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. In the folk medicine of these countries, rose root has been traditionally used for exhaustion, mental illness, … Rose Root (Rhodiola Rosea): Definition
In vitro studies demonstrate that constituents of rose root extract have inhibitory effects on various enzyme activities (e.g., CYP3A4, CYP19). CYP3A4 is used to metabolize (metabolize) drugs and CYP19 catalyzes estrogen synthesis. Interactions with drugs and food are possible, but have not been observed in animal or human studies to date. Therefore, due to the … Rose Root (Rhodiola Rosea): Interactions
Rose root is mainly used as an herbal remedy. In the Komi Republic in the Northern Urals, a handful of the dried roots was poured over 500 ml of vodka or boiled water and used as a tincture or extract. Especially in Siberia, Alaska and Greenland, rose root is sometimes consumed as a vegetable or … Rose Root (Rhodiola Rosea): Food
Researchers published an intake level (Observed Safe Level, OSL) for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), which is considered safe. In addition, an Acceptable daily intake (ADI) was published. Scientists identified an OSL of 1,200 mg of ubiquinone per person daily.In addition, scientists published an ADI of 12 mg/kg daily. The ADI was determined using a No Observed … Coenzyme Q10: Safety Assessment
The European food safety authority (EFSA) published an opinion regarding the use of L-carnitine L-tartrate, a source of L-carnitine, in foods for particular nutritional uses. Taking into account gastrointestinal symptoms, clinical chemistry, included markers of liver and kidney function, EFSA agreed on the following guideline values: EFSA assumes that an intake of 3 g of … L-Carnitine: Safety Assessment
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone of the pineal gland, a part of the diencephalon. It is produced by the pinealocytes in the pineal gland. Melatonin promotes sleep and controls the day-night rhythm. Synthesis Melatonin is produced from the essential amino acid tryptophan via the intermediate serotonin. Synthesis proceeds as follows: L-tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan … Melatonin: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Because melatonin is metabolized primarily by CYP1A enzymes, it may interact with drugs that are also metabolized by or inhibit CYP1A. CYP1A inhibitors include estrogens in the form of contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HER) or the antidepressant fluvoxamine. Simultaneous use of melatonin with CYP1A inhibitors results in melatonin excess. Nicotine abuse, in turn, reduces … Melatonin: Interactions
