Choline or its derived compounds play an essential role in many physiological processes: Phospholipids, especially phosphatidyl choline (PC), are found in large quantities in all biological membranes. There, they play an important role in their structure and functions, such as the transmission of signals and the transport of substances. Metabolism and transport of lipids and … Choline: Functions
Folate Homocysteine can be remethylated to methionine in two different ways – Folate is important for one pathway and choline for the other. In the first case, homocysteine is methylated to methionine (addition of CH 3 groups) by the enzyme methionine synthase. For this process, methionine synthase requires methyl tetrafolate as a methyl group donor … Choline: Interactions
The American Institute of Medicine (IoM) established an intake of 7.5 g of choline/day as the lowest evaluated intake level that produced an adverse effect (LOAEL), and on this basis, as well as taking into account a safety factor and rounding, established a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). This UL reflects the safe maximum … Choline: Safety Assessment
To date, there are no intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) for choline intake from the German Nutrition Society (DGE). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published adequate intakes for choline in 2016, which can be considered as European reference values: Adequate intakes Age Choline (mg/day) Infants 7-11 months 160 Children 1-3 years 140 4-6 years … Choline: Intake
Two-time Nobel laureate Prof. Dr. Linus Pauling called coenzyme Q10 one of the greatest enrichments among natural substances that can promote human health. Numerous studies not only prove the positive effects of Q10 in the therapy of various diseases, such as tumor diseases, heart failure (cardiac insufficiency), myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension (high blood pressure) … Coenzyme Q10: Functions
Interactions of coenzyme Q10 with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme Q10: The first step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 – conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvic acid – requires vitamin B6 in the form of pyridoxal 5 ́-phosphate. There is a positive interaction between serum … Coenzyme Q10: Interactions
Intake recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are not yet available for coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 content – given in mg -. per 100 g food Vegetables and salads Milk, dairy products, egg Meat Onion 0,1 Cheese general max. 0.4 Pig- 3,2 Potato 0,1 Butter 0,6 meat Cauliflower 0,14 Beef 3,3 White cabbage 0,16 … Coenzyme Q10: Food
There are no known subjective symptoms of coenzyme Q10 deficiency. However, it is considered certain that a deficiency can promote some diseases.
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is a naturally occurring phospholipid whose phosphoric acid residue is esterified with the amino acid serine. Metabolism PS, like phosphatidylcholine, can be synthesized endogenously in sufficient amounts. However, if there is a deficit of the amino acid methionine, vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), or essential fatty acids, sufficient phosphatidylserine cannot … Phosphatidyl Serine: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution
Choline was discovered in 1864 by the German chemist Adolph Friedrich Ludwig Strecker.It is an essential nutrient, i.e., necessary for life.It belongs to the quaternary amines (2-hydroxyethyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium) and is present in the diet in free and esterified forms. Choline can be synthesized by the human organism itself, but in many cases the amount … Choline: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Phosphatidyl choline is considered the main form of choline and is a component of human food as well as animal tissues. As a form of choline, it can be assumed that the safety assessment of phosphatidyl choline is the same as that of choline. The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IoM) established an intake of 7.5 … Phosphatidyl Choline: Safety Assessment
Vitamin K deficiency is mainly due to Chronic gastrointestinal diseases, for example, deficient absorption in Crohn’s disease, decreased utilization in liver cirrhosis and cholestasis, transport disturbances due to, for example, lymphatic drainage disorders or insufficient carrier protein (VLDL). Interactions with drugs especially is blocked by prolonged use of antibiotics (for example, ampicillin, cephalosporins or tetracyclines) … Vitamin K: Symptoms of Deficiency
