Products Biperiden is commercially available as tablets, sustained-release tablets, and a solution for injection (Akineton, Akineton retard). It has been approved in many countries since 1958. Structure and properties Biperiden (C21H29NO, Mr = 311.46 g/mol) is present in drugs as biperidene hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is a … Biperides
Products Amantadine is commercially available as film-coated tablets, capsules, and an infusion solution (Symmetrel, PK-Merz). It has been approved in many countries since 1966. Structure and properties Amantadine (C10H17N, Mr = 151.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as amantadine sulfate or amantadine hydrochloride. Amantadine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in … Amantadine
Products Carbidopa is used in combination with levodopa in tablet form. In addition to the original Sinemet, generic versions are also available. Carbidopa has been approved in many countries since 1973. Structure and properties Carbidopa (C10H14N2O4, Mr = Mr = 226.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as carbidopa monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is … Carbidopa
Effects Decarboxylase inhibitors inhibit decarboxylase, which metabolizes levodopa to dopamine. They are used exclusively in combination with levodopa to treat Parkinson’s disease. Their effect is limited to the periphery because they hardly cross the blood–brain barrier. Decarboxylase inhibitors thus allow more or less selective degradation of levodopa to dopamine in the central nervous system and … Decarboxylase Inhibitor
Products Rotigotine is commercially available as a transdermal patch in various potencies (Neupro). It was approved in many countries in 2006 as the first TTS for Parkinson’s disease therapy. Structure and properties Rotigotine (C19H25NOS, Mr = 315.5 g/mol) is an aminotetralin and thiophene derivative structurally related to dopamine. It has a non-ergoline structure and exists … Rotigotine
Products Procyclidine is commercially available in tablet form (Kemadrin). It has been approved in many countries since 1956. Structure and properties Procyclidine (C19H29NO, Mr = 287.4 g/mol) has structural similarities to biperides. Effects Procyclidine (ATC N04AA04) has anticholinergic properties and is effective against rigor, tremor, akinesia, speech and writing disorders, gait unsteadiness, increased salivation, sweating, … Procyclidine
Products Metixen was commercially available in combination with other active ingredients in tablet form (formerly Spasmo-Canulase). It had been approved in many countries since 1964. Structure and properties Metixen (C20H23NS, Mr = 309.5 g/mol) is present in drugs as metixene hydrochloride, racemate, and monohydrate, a white crystalline or fine crystalline powder soluble in water. Effects … Metixen
Products Atropine is commercially available in the form of eye drops, drops, and as a solution for injection. It has been approved in many countries since 1987. Medicinal plants containing atropine have been used medicinally for much longer. Structure and properties Atropine (C17H23NO3, Mr = 289.4 g/mol) is a tertiary amine and belongs to the … Atropine
Products Levodopa for inhalation was approved in the United States in 2018 and in the EU in 2019 (Inbrija, capsules containing a powder for inhalation). Structure and properties Levodopa (C9H11NO4, Mr = 197.2 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. … Levodopa Inhalation
Structure and properties Depending on the side chains, ergot alkaloids are classified into two different groups: Ergometrine-type ergot alkaloids (e.g., ergometrine, methylergometrine). Peptide-type ergot alkaloids (e.g., ergotamine, ergotoxine, bromocriptine). Effects Ergot alkaloids exhibit the following effects in varying degrees: Partial agonists at alpha-adrenoreceptors. Partial agonists at serotonin receptors Stimulation of dopamine receptors Contraction of vascular … Ergot Alkaloids
Products Pramipexole is commercially available in tablet and sustained-release tablet form (Sifrol, Sifrol ER, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1997; generics were released in 2010 and entered the market in January 2011. Sifrol ER sustained-release tablets were relaunched by the original manufacturer in 2010. Structure and properties Pramipexole (C10H17N3S, Mr = … Pramipexole
Products Safinamide is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Xadago). It was approved in many countries and in the EU in 2015 and in the US in 2017. Structure and properties Safinamide (C17H19FN2O2, Mr = 302.3 g/mol) is an α-aminoamide derivative. Effects Safinamide (ATC N04BD03) has indirect dopaminergic properties. It is a selective … Safinamide
