Definition Pharmaceutical agents are excreted primarily in the urine and, via the liver, in the bile in the stool. When excreted via the bile, they re-enter the small intestine, where they may be reabsorbed. They are transported back to the liver via the portal vein. This repetitive process is called the enterohepatic circulation. It prolongs … Enterohepatic Circulation
Cholic acid is a primary bile acid that plays a role in fat digestion. It stabilizes lipids into emulsions, making them vulnerable to lipases. In the case of a cholic acid deficiency, fat digestion is disturbed, which is most noticeable in a change in stool consistency. What is cholic acid? Cholic acid is one of … Cholic Acid: Structure, Function & Diseases
Bile acids are endogenous steroids from the liver that have an emulsifying effect on lipids in fat digestion. Bile acids are largely reabsorbed into the liver in the intestine. If this reabsorption is disturbed, for example, by inflammation, bile acidosis syndrome sets in. What are bile acids? Bile acids are endogenous steroids that are irreplaceable … Bile Acids: Structure, Function & Diseases
Magaldrate is a pharmaceutical drug belonging to the group of active substances called antacids. It is also known as penta-aluminum-decamagnesium-hentriacontahydroxide and aluminum-magnesium-hydroxide-sulfate hydrate. Applied this drug in excess gastric acid secretion and therapy of its consequence. What is magaldrate? Magaldrate is used for excess gastric acid secretion and for the treatment of its consequences. Magaldrate … Magaldrate: Effects, Uses & Risks
Products Ursodeoxycholic acid is available in many countries in various dosage forms and has been approved since 1978. Structure and properties Ursodeoxycholic acid (C24H40O4, Mr = 392.6 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is very sparingly soluble in water. It is a naturally occurring bile acid that can be prepared from bovine bile. Effects … Ursodeoxycholic Acid
Products Sucralfate was commercially available in many countries since the year 1985 in the form of tablets, as a suspension, and as granules (Ulcogant). As of 2016, it is no longer available in many countries. It can be imported from abroad or replaced by other drugs. Structure and properties Sucralfate is a basic aluminum sucrose … Sucralfate
Products Deoxycholic acid was approved as an injectable in the United States in 2015 and in many countries in 2018 (Switzerland: Belkyra, United States: Kybella). Structure and properties Deoxycholic acid (C24H40O4, Mr = 392.6 g/mol) is a secondary bile acid, which is also formed in the human intestine by intestinal bacteria from primary bile acids. … Deoxycholic Acid
Hepatocytes are the actual liver cells that make up more than 80 percent of the liver. They are responsible for most metabolic processes such as synthesis of proteins and drugs, breakdown of metabolites, and detoxification reactions. Disturbances in hepatocyte function can lead to central metabolic diseases and symptoms of intoxication. What are hepatocytes? Hepatocytes make … Hepatocytes: Function & Diseases
Diagnosis The diagnosis of hyperlipidemia is made by taking a blood sample. Patients should be fasting for 12 hours before taking the blood sample in order not to falsify the blood lipid values by ingested food. A screening is carried out by the family doctor from the age of 35. The screening includes the determination … Diagnosis | Hyperlipidemia
The term hyperlipidemia is composed of “hyper” (too much, excessive), “lipid” (fat) and “-emia” (in the blood) and describes an excess of fats in the blood. In common parlance, the term “high blood lipid levels” is also used. Various fats are found in the blood: neutral fats, cholesterol and lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are protein particles that … Hyperlipidemia
Symptoms The blood fats are divided into “good” and “bad” fats. The HDL cholesterol is the “good” cholesterol. The most important representative of the “bad” fats is the LDL cholesterol. Like all other “bad” fats, it increases the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Unfortunately, arteriosclerosis remains asymptomatic for a very long time. Only … Symptoms | Hyperlipidemia
Lutein belongs to the carotenoid group of substances and is known as the eye vitamin. It is produced exclusively in plants, where it functions as an important ingredient of chloroplasts. In the plant organism, it serves as an energy-collecting molecule to effectively utilize solar energy in photosynthesis. What is lutein? Lutein is a carotenoid and, … Lutein: Function & Diseases
