Interleukins form a subset of cytokines, cellular messengers that control the immune system. Interleukins are short-chain peptide hormones of 75 to 125 amino acids. They mainly control the local deployment of leukocytes at sites of inflammation, although they can also have systemic effects as in triggering fever. What are interleukins? Interleukins (IL) are short-chain peptide … Interleukins: Function & Diseases
Products Eletriptan is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Relpax, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Structure and properties Eletriptan (C22H26N2O2S, Mr = 382.5 g/mol) is a lipophilic methylpyrrolidinyltryptamine substituted with a sulfonylbenzene. It is present in drugs as eletriptan hydrobromide, a white powder that is readily soluble in … Eletriptan
Products Darolutamide was approved in the US in 2019 and in the EU and Switzerland in 2020 in film-coated tablet form (Nubeqa). Structure and properties Darolutamide (C19H19ClN6O2, Mr = 398.8 g/mol) exists as a white to grayish or yellowish-white crystalline powder and is practically insoluble in water. The drug has a nonsteroidal structure and is … Darolutamide
Products Onasemnogene bebeparvovec was approved in the United States in 2019 as a suspension for intravenous infusion (Zolgensma). Structure and properties It is a gene therapy using the -gene, in which adeno-associated serotype 9 (AAV9) viruses are used as vectors. The gene is contained in the form of double-stranded DNA in the capsid of the … Onasemnogen-Abeparvovec
Products and approval Fingolimod is commercially available in capsule form (Gilenya) and has been approved in many countries since 2011. First generic products were registered in 2020 and entered the market in 2021. Fingolimod was the first specific multiple sclerosis drug to be administered orally, rather than being injected subcutaneously or as an infusion. In … Fingolimod
Products Cabazitaxel is released as a concentrate for the preparation of an infusion solution. It has been approved in many countries since 2011 (Jevtana). Structure and properties Cabazitaxel (C45H57NO14, Mr = 835.9 g/mol) is a taxane semisynthetically derived from a constituent of yew needles. It is structurally closely related to docetaxel, which is itself a … Cabazitaxel
Methionine, along with cysteine, is the only sulfur-containing proteinogenic amino acid. In protein synthesis, L-methionine – its natural and biochemically active form – occupies a special position because it is always the first amino acid, the starter substance from which a protein is assembled. L-methionine is essential and serves primarily as a supplier of methyl … Methionine: Function & Diseases
The active ingredient methyldopa is an amino acid. It is produced synthetically and is used as an antihypertensive. In this context, it is primarily used for the treatment of arterial hypertension. What is methyldopa? The substance methyldopa appears at room temperature as a crystalline solid with virtually no color. The melting point of methyldopa is … Methyldopa: Effects, Uses & Risks
Trypanosomes are unicellular eukaryotic parasites equipped with a flagellum and are also classified as protozoa. Found worldwide, trypanosomes have slender cell bodies and are classified by the exit point of their flagella. Characteristic of these agents of some tropical diseases, such as sleeping sickness, is the obligatory host switching between an invertebrate vector and a … Trypanosomes: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Products Nusinersen was approved in the United States in 2016 and in many countries and the EU in 2017 as a solution for intrathecal injection by lumbar puncture and as the first drug for SMA treatment (Spinraza). Structure and properties Nusinersen is a modified antisense oligonucleotide. Effects Nusinersen (ATC M09AX07) increases the formation of the … Nusinersen
The vomiting center is composed of the area postrema and the nucleus solitarius and is located in the brainstem. It triggers the process of vomiting in a defensive response to potential toxins that a person ingests through food. Cerebral vomiting is based on increased intracranial pressure or direct pressure on the vomiting center; possible causes … Vomiting Center: Structure, Function & Diseases
Products Naloxegol is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Moventig, USA: Movantik). It was approved in many countries in 2015. Structure and properties Naloxegol (C34H53NO11, Mr = 651.8 g/mol) is a pegylated derivative of naloxone. It exists as naloxegoloxalate, a white powder that is highly soluble in water. Effects Naloxegol (ATC A06AH03) is … Naloxegol
