Cause Absorption disorders occur when vitamin B12 can no longer be sufficiently absorbed from the digestive tract.This may be due, for example, to the fact that parts of the gastrointestinal tract have been surgically removed, such as after a gastric or ilumectomy. Furthermore, chronic gastritis, i.e. chronic inflammation of the stomach, can prevent absorption of … Cause | Vitamin B12 deficiency
Diagnosis In addition to the clinical symptoms, which are unfortunately relatively unspecific and can also indicate a variety of other diseases, one usually simply measures the vitamin B12 level in the blood. However, a deficiency should also not yet be diagnosed based on these 2 parameters: An increased red blood cell volume (laboratory parameter MCV … Diagnosis | Vitamin B12 deficiency
Prophylaxis Prophylaxis is actually not necessary for people with average eating habits, as the liver stores enough vitamin B12 for 2-3 years. In the event of a deficiency, it can release the required daily dose bit by bit, so that even years of vegan or vegetarian nutrition remain without symptoms. The “Otto normal consumer” who … Prophylaxis | Vitamin B12 deficiency
Introduction The active ingredient tamoxifen, which is usually used in salt form, i.e. as tamoxifen dihydrogen citrate, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). In the past, the active ingredients of this group were also known as antiestrogens. Active ingredients of this group mediate their action via estrogen receptors that are present in various tissues, … Tamoxifen
Fields of application (indications) Tamoxifen as an antiestrogen is used as a supportive long-term therapy for at least five years after the initial treatment of breast cancer (mammary carcinoma). In addition, it is also used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. One speaks of a metastasized breast carcinoma if the breast cancer has already … Fields of application (indications) | Tamoxifen
Pregnancy and lactation Since there is no experience of using tamoxifen in pregnancy, it should not be taken during pregnancy. For this reason, pregnancy should be ruled out if possible before starting therapy. During and until about two months after completion of therapy, women of childbearing age should avoid pregnancy with a non-hormonal contraceptive method. … Pregnancy and lactation | Tamoxifen
Introduction In general, most people suffer from an undersupply of folic acid, which is why folic acid substitution with the help of food is recommended – especially for pregnant women. However, overdosing is also possible by taking these supplements in too high doses. Excess folic acid can be excreted very easily in the urine, as … What happens if I overdose of folic acid?
What are the long-term consequences of a folic acid overdose? Serious dangers cannot occur through the intake of natural folic acid, as it is difficult to absorb folic acid in very large quantities through food. Synthetically produced folic acid, which is available as a food supplement, can be absorbed much better by the body. Here … What are the long-term consequences of a folic acid overdose? | What happens if I overdose of folic acid?
Introduction Most of the body’s tissues renew themselves continuously. This renewal is achieved by a constant formation of new cells. This new formation is achieved by a division of cells. This cell division requires that the cells are capable of dividing. The cells capable of division in adults are called adult stem cells. The actual … Cell Nuclear Division
Why does cell division occur? Nuclear division is necessary to create cells for tissues that are constantly renewing themselves. The body’s ability to function and heal is based on the fact that dead cells can be replaced by new ones. However, there are differences in the ability to divide between the different tissues.Some parts of … Why does cell division occur? | Cell Nuclear Division
How does a tumor develop? The word tumor literally means swelling and can be triggered by various processes. The most common cause of swelling is inflammation, which causes swelling due to increased water retention. A tumor caused by unchecked proliferation of cells is also called neoplasia. There are many different forms of neoplasia, which arise … How does a tumor develop? | Cell Nuclear Division
Classification The cytostatic drugs can be divided into different groups. The group membership depends on the type of efficacy. Some cytostatic drugs inhibit the metabolism of the cells and thus lead to the death of these cells, while other cytostatic drugs lead to the incorporation of errors into the genetic material (the DNA) of the … Classification | Cytostatics
