The cytoskeleton consists of a dynamically variable network of three different protein filaments in the cytoplasm of cells. They provide structure, strength, and intrinsic mobility (motility) to the cell and to organizational intracellular entities such as organelles and vesicles. In some cases, the filaments project out of the cell in the form of cilia or … Cytoskeleton: Structure, Function & Diseases
Cytosol is the fluid portion of the contents of a human cell and thus part of the cytoplasm. The cytosol is composed of about 80% water, with the remaining portion distributed among proteins, lipids, nucleotides, sugars, and ions. They serve important metabolic processes that take place in the aqueous to viscous cytosol. What is cytosol? … Cytosol: Function & Diseases
DNA synthesis occurs as part of the replication of DNA. DNA is the carrier of genetic information and controls all life processes. It is located in the nucleus of the cell in humans as in all other living organisms. DNA has the form of a double strand, similar to a winding rope ladder, which is … DNA Synthesis: Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
The cytoplasm fills the interior of a human cell. It consists of the cytosol, a liquid or gel-like substance, the organelles (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and others), and the cytoskeleton. Overall, the cytoplasm serves enzymatic biosynthesis and catalysis as well as substance storage and intracellular transport. What is cytoplasm? The definition of cytoplasm is not uniform … Cytoplasm: Structure, Function & Diseases
Prefertilization diagnostics offers the possibility of genetic testing of a woman’s eggs as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF). The tests are performed on the chromosomes of the 1st and 2nd polar bodies, which are formed during the 1st and 2nd maturation division after the introduction of a male sperm into the egg. The method … Prefertilization Diagnostics: Treatment, Effects & Risks
The milk-forming reflex, along with the milk ejection reflex, is one of the lactation reflexes that mammals use to nourish their offspring and are stimulated by direct contact with the offspring. For the lactation reflex, the hormone prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland plays the main role. In the case of hormone … Lactic Reflex: Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
Granzymes consist exclusively of serine proteases found primarily in the granules of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells of the innate and acquired immune systems. The granzymes are released by degranulation upon recognition of a cell infected with viruses, a tumor cell, or even cells of transplanted foreign tissue. The released granzymes trigger programmed cell … Granzyme: Structure, Function & Diseases
Prophage is the name given to the phage DNA of temperate bacteriophages when it is present in the bacterial host cell. Bacteriophages were discovered by Félix Hubert d’Hérelle in 1917. They are viruses that have adapted to specific bacteria. Later research distinguished between the lytic phage with high virulence and the temperate phage with silent … Prophages: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Enteroviruses are nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses whose genetic material is in the form of RNA. Therefore, they belong to the RNA viruses. They replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell. As pathogens in humans, they can lead to many non-specific symptoms, especially gastrointestinal complaints and flu-like infections. The clustered occurrence of summer flu in … Enteroviruses: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Dissimilation represents one of the most central processes in the organism of any breathing creature. It ensures the maintenance and intact functioning of the entire metabolism, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. However, this importance results in the presence of many serious consequences and symptoms of disease in the event of a disturbed process at … Dissimilation: Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
Leishmania brasiliensis are small, flagellated protozoa belonging to the bacterial phylum Leishmania, subgenus Viannia. They live parasitically in macrophages, into which they have entered by phagocytosis without causing harm. They are causative agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and require host switching via the sand fly of the genus Lutzomyia to spread. What is Leishmania brasiliensis? … Leishmania Brasiliensis: Infection, Transmission & Diseases
Gap junctions are clusters of cell-cell channels. These cross the cell membranes of two neighboring cells and provide a connection between the cytoplasm. What is a gap junction? Gap junctions are so-called connexons (protein complexes) that connect the plasma membrane of two cells. The membranes are fixed, but a gap is still visible under the … Gap Junction: Structure, Function & Diseases
