Products Bisphosphonates are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and as injection and infusion preparations. They are also combined fixed with vitamin D3. Their effects on bone were described in the 1960s. Etidronate was the first active ingredient to be approved (out of trade). Structure and properties Bisphosphonates contain a central carbon atom … Bisphosphonates Effects and Side Effects
Symptoms Esophageal achalasia is a rare and chronic progressive motility disorder of the lower esophagus that manifests as dysphagia and retrosternal pain. Patients feel discomfort during and after eating. Possible accompanying symptoms include bad breath, cramping, and burning. Ingested food remains in the esophagus and cannot be adequately transported to the stomach. This can lead … Esophageal Achalasia
Symptoms Bad breath manifests itself in foul-smelling breath. The bad odor is also a psychosocial problem and can lower self-esteem, lead to feelings of shame, and make it difficult to communicate with others. Causes True, chronic bad breath originates from the oral cavity and mainly from the coating on the tongue in over 80 to … Bad Breath
Products Lesinurad was approved in the US in 2015, in the EU in 2016, and in many countries in 2017 in film-coated tablet form (Zurampic). A fixed-dose combination with allopurinol was released in the US in 2017 (Duzallo), in the EU in 2018, and in many countries in 2019. Structure and properties Lesinurad (C17H14BrN3O2S, Mr … Lesinurad
Products Pantoprazole is commercially available in the form of enteric-coated tablets and has been approved in many countries since 1997 (Pantozol, generic). Less commonly used are the granules and the injectable. Structure and properties Pantoprazole (C16H15F2N3O4S, Mr = 383.37 g/mol) is a benzimidazole derivative and a racemate. In tablets, it is present as sodium salt … Pantoprazole
Symptoms Diffuse esophageal spasm manifests as seizure-like pain behind the breastbone (chest pain) and difficulty swallowing. The pain may radiate to the arms and jaw, similar to angina. Other possible symptoms include shortness of breath, cramping and burning. The duration of attacks varies, ranging from seconds to minutes. They are often triggered by food intake, … Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
Products Esomeprazole is commercially available as tablets, film-coated tablets, granules for oral suspension, and injectables (Nexium, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Generics entered the market in 2012. Fixed combinations: Naproxen and esomeprazole (Vimovo, 2011). Acetylsalicylic acid and esomeprazole (Axanum, 2012), not commercially available. Structure and properties Esomeprazole (C17H19N3O3S, Mr = … Esomeprazole
Symptoms The leading symptoms of stomach burning include an uncomfortable burning sensation behind the breastbone and acid regurgitation. The burning sensation occurs primarily after eating, and pain along the esophagus may radiate. Other accompanying symptoms include hoarseness, coughing, nausea, difficulty swallowing, sleep disturbances, respiratory problems, a foreign body sensation in the throat, and enamel changes. … Stomach Burn
Symptoms Flatulence is manifested by an increased accumulation of gases in the intestines (meteorism), which may pass voluntarily or involuntarily (flatulence). They may be accompanied by an uncomfortable feeling, a bloated abdomen, cramps and other digestive symptoms such as constipation, increased bowel activity and diarrhea. Bloating is primarily a psychosocial problem because of the embarrassing … Flatulence Causes and Remedies
Products No finished drug products containing roxatidine are commercially available in many countries. Structure and properties Roxatidine (C17H26N2O3, Mr = 306.4 g/mol) is present in the drug as roxatidine acetate, a prodrug that is metabolized in the body to the active drug. Effects Roxatidine (ATC A02BA06) inhibits the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin in … Roxatidine
Structure and properties Pepsin exists as a white to pale yellow, hygroscopic, crystalline or amorphous powder that is soluble in water. It is obtained from the gastric mucosa of pigs, cattle or sheep. Pepsin contains proteinases of the stomach that are active in an acidic environment (pH of 1 to 5). Effects Pepsin (ATC A09AA03) … Pepsin
Products Ibandronate is commercially available as film-coated tablets (monthly tablets containing 150 mg of ibandronic acid) and as a solution for injection (Bonviva, generics). The daily tablets containing 2.5 mg of active ingredient are no longer available. This article refers to oral and monthly osteoporosis therapy. Ibandronate is also used in tumor treatment. Ibandronate was … Ibandronate
