1. symptom treatment Beta2-sympathomimetics are derived from epinephrine. They selectively stimulate the adrenergic β2-receptors of bronchial muscles and thus have a bronchospasmolytic effect. For rapid symptom relief, fast-acting agents are usually administered by inhalation, for example, with a metered-dose inhaler or a powder inhaler. They should be used only when needed. An increase in administration … Antiasthmatics
Products Beta2-sympathomimetics are usually commercially available as inhalation preparations (powders, solutions) administered with an inhaler, for example, metered-dose inhaler, diskus, Respimat, Breezhaler, or Ellipta. There are few drugs on the market that can be given perorally. Structure and properties Beta2-sympathomimetics are structurally related to the natural ligands epinephrine and norepinephrine. They may exist as racemates … Beta2-Sympathomimetics
Effects Glucocorticoids (ATC R03BA02) have anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and immunosuppressive properties. The effects are based on binding to intracellular receptors, resulting in an influence on protein expression. In addition, glucocorticoids also exert extragenomic effects. All agents are lipophilic (virtually insoluble in water) and thus enter cells well across the cell membrane. Indications For the treatment of … Inhaled Glucocorticoids
Symptoms Possible symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include a chronic cough, mucus production, sputum, shortness of breath, chest tightness, breath sounds, lack of energy, and sleep disturbances. The symptoms often worsen with physical exertion. An acute worsening of chronic symptoms is referred to as an exacerbation. In addition, numerous systemic and extrapulmonary concomitant … Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Symptoms Oral thrush is an infection of the mouth and throat with Candida fungi. Different manifestations are distinguished. The actual oral thrush is usually called acute pseudomembranous candidiasis. The leading symptom is the white to yellowish, small-spotted, partially intermingled coating of the mucous membranes in the mouth and throat area. It consists of epithelial cells, … Oral Thrush
Symptoms Asthma causes narrowing and obstruction of the airways, which manifests itself in symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness, sounds when breathing out, and wheezing (whistling, rattling, rattling). The bronchi become constricted and a thick mucus forms. The disorders occur episodically and frequently at night and early in the morning, … Asthma
Symptoms Coughing is a physiologic defense response used to clear foreign bodies, microorganisms, and mucus from the respiratory tract. An acute cough lasts up to three weeks and a subacute cough lasts up to eight weeks. After eight weeks, it is referred to as a chronic cough (Irwin et al., 2000). A distinction is also … Cough Causes and Remedies
Symptoms Hoarseness describes a change in voice quality. The voice may sound smoky, noisy, strained, raspy, trembling, or weak. Causes The larynx is made up of cartilage, muscle, and mucosa. It is innervated by the vagus nerve. If any of these elements is disturbed, hoarseness may result. 1. inflammation (laryngitis): Viral infections, for example, a … Hoarseness Causes and Remedies
Products Ciclesonide is administered with a metered-dose inhaler (Alvesco). It has been approved in many countries since 2006. In the United States, it has also been commercially available as a nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis since 2012 (Zetonna). Structure and properties Ciclesonide (C32H44O7, Mr = 540.7 g/mol) is a prodrug and is … Ciclesonide
Symptoms Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The leading symptom is a cough that is first dry and later often productive. Other symptoms include difficulty breathing, sounds when breathing (whistling, rattling), feeling sick, hoarseness, fever, chest pain, and accompanying symptoms of the common cold or flu. The disease is usually self-limiting, so … Acute Bronchitis
Products Beclometasone is commercially available as a drug for inhalation and as a nasal spray (Qvar, Beclo Orion). It has been approved in many countries since 1998. This article refers to inhalation. See also under beclometasone nasal spray. Beclometasone is also combined with formoterol fix; see under Beclometasone and Formoterol (Foster). In 2020, a fixed … Beclometasone
Products Mometasone powder inhaler was approved in many countries since 2005 (Asmanex Twisthaler). Mometasone furoate is also used to treat skin disorders and to treat disorders of the nasal mucosa; see Mometasone (dermal) and Mometasone nasal spray. Structure and properties Mometasone (C22H28Cl2O4, Mr = 427.4 g/mol) is present in the drug as mometasone furoate, a … Mometasone Inhalation
