Definition The dispensing of licensed medicines is strictly regulated by law in many countries. Drugs may be available by prescription (prescription-only), nonprescription, and over-the-counter. Typical dispensing points are pharmacies, drugstores and doctors’ offices, provided that self-dispensing is permitted by the canton. Category E drugs may also be sold in the retail trade, for example in … Dispensing Categories of Medicinal Products
Products Laxatives are available in numerous dosage forms. These include, for example, tablets, drops, suppositories, powders, granules, solutions, syrups and enemas. Structure and properties Laxatives do not have a uniform chemical structure. However, groups can be identified (see below). Effects Laxatives have laxative properties. They stimulate bowel emptying by different mechanisms depending on the active … Laxative
Symptoms Hemorrhoids are dilations of the vascular cushions in the anal canal. Possible symptoms include: Bleeding, blood on the toilet paper Pressure discomfort, pain, burning, itching. Unpleasant feeling Inflammation, swelling, skin inflammation. Discharge of mucus, oozing Prolapse, protrusion outside the anus (prolapse). Hemorrhoids can be classified according to various criteria. Common is the classification according … Hemorrhoids Causes and Treatment
Products Macrogol 3350 is commercially available as a powder for making an oral solution (e.g., Transipeg, Movicol, generics). It is included in drugs in combination with salts (potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen sulfate) but can also be administered without them (e.g., Chung et al., 2009). Macrogol 4000 is also commercially available without salts. In … Macrogol 3350
Products Macrogol 400 is available in pharmacies and drugstores. It should not be confused with macrogol 4000, which is also used as a stool-regulating laxative, among other products. Structure and properties Macrogols are mixtures of linear polymers with the general formula H-(OCH2-CH2)n-OH, indicating the average number of oxyethylene groups. The macrogol type is defined by … Macrogol 400
Products Macrogol 4000 has been approved in many countries since 1987 as granules in combination with salts for bowel emptying and treatment of constipation (e.g., Isocolan). In 2013, a monopreparation that does not contain electrolytes was approved in many countries for the first time (Laxipeg). It is also available without flavoring (pure macrogol). The pure … Macrogol 4000
Products Macrogols are commercially available in many countries as powders, granules, and as drinking solutions. The agents are available with or without salts (electrolytes). They have been approved since the 1980s. This article refers to pharmaceuticals. Macrogols such as macrogol 400 are also used as pharmaceutical excipients. Structure and properties Macrogols are mixtures of linear … Macrogole
Products Paragar Emulsion was approved in many countries in 1966. In 2018, its distribution was discontinued and the drug subsequently received a new composition with the active ingredient macrogol 3350 (new: Paragar Macrogol, powder for the preparation of a solution for oral use). Paragol with kerosene oil, for example, can also be used as a … Paragar Emulsion
Symptoms Drug therapy with opioids for pain, cough, or diarrhea often results in constipation as an adverse effect. Triggers include, for example, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, tramadol, fentanyl, or buprenorphine. Constipation limits quality of life and can lead to accompanying symptoms and complications such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal cramps, hemorrhoids, and bowel obstruction. Laxative abuse … Opioids and Constipation
