Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. This is composed of the brain and spinal cord and is known to be responsible for controlling all bodily functions. Multiple sclerosis is still an incurable disease. Although enormous funds are being made available for research, neither the cause nor a … Course of multiple sclerosis
End stage of multiple sclerosis A concrete final stage does not exist in multiple sclerosis. The severity of the symptoms varies from patient to patient. Thus, the clinical picture of MS in the period before the patient’s death is also different. The more moderate the course and the better the care, the more probable is … End stage of multiple sclerosis | Course of multiple sclerosis
Prognosis When multiple sclerosis is diagnosed, it is hardly possible to make a definitive prognosis due to the very different individual course of the disease. Although this uncertainty can be distressing, the large proportion of positive progressions should be the focus of patient education. The severity of the initial symptoms can be used to estimate … Prognosis | Course of multiple sclerosis
Trigger factors for MS Trigger factors are events or circumstances that can cause a worsening of the disease state and thus have a negative influence on the course of the disease. In multiple sclerosis, such deteriorations become visible as relapses. Infectious diseases are a very important factor. If an MS patient falls ill with influenza … Trigger factors for MS | Course of multiple sclerosis
Definition The optic nerve (med. Nervus opticus) is the strand of “nerve fibers” that transmits signals generated on the retina of the eye to the brain. Strictly speaking, the optic nerve, which doctors refer to as the nervus (Latin for nerve) opticus, is not actually a real nerve at all, but a “pathway” of the … The Optic Nerve
Anatomy of the eye Task of the optic nerve As with all nerves, the basic task of the optic nerve is to transmit electrical signals. The conversion of external light impressions into these electrical signals is done by a series of biochemical processes within the nerve cells of the retina. From there, they are then … Anatomy of the eye | The Optic Nerve
How is the optic nerve examined? During the examination of the optic nerve, the visual acuity, the field of vision and the fundus of the eye are usually checked. Visual acuity can be checked using standardized charts. These must be read from a distance of five meters, with the font size decreasing with each new … How is the optic nerve examined? | The Optic Nerve
Diseases of the optic nerve The most common cause of damage to the optic nerve is an accident or violent impact (traffic accidents or similar) in which the optic nerve is squeezed or pulled, for example when entering the skull. Bleeding into the orbit of the eye (e.g. after blows to the eye with a … Diseases of the optic nerve | The Optic Nerve
How does a damaged optic nerve regenerate? The injury of the optic nerve is a very sensitive topic in medicine, as the prognosis is usually unfortunately rather poor. Until now, it has been believed that nerves in general are hardly able to regenerate. There are various studies that show, especially in animal models, that partial … How does a damaged optic nerve regenerate? | The Optic Nerve
The pupillary reflex describes the involuntary adaptation of the eye to changing light conditions. The width of the pupil changes reflectively with incident light. This reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system and plays an important role in visual acuity and in the protection of the retina. If the environment is very bright, the … The pupil reflex
How can the pupillary reflex be tested? The examination of the pupillary reflex is one of the standard examinations in neurology. The pupillary reflex can be tested by means of a flashlight examination. This involves illuminating one eye and examining the reaction of both eyes. If deviations occur, this is called anisocoria. Normally, the doctor … How can the pupillary reflex be tested? | The pupil reflex
What is the convergence reaction? The term convergence reaction describes the reflex process of the eye when the focus changes from a distant object to a near object. On the one hand, this results in a convergence movement of the eyes. This means that the pupils of both eyes are directed towards the center line … What is the convergence reaction? | The pupil reflex
