Enterohepatic Circulation

Definition Pharmaceutical agents are excreted primarily in the urine and, via the liver, in the bile in the stool. When excreted via the bile, they re-enter the small intestine, where they may be reabsorbed. They are transported back to the liver via the portal vein. This repetitive process is called the enterohepatic circulation. It prolongs … Enterohepatic Circulation

Common Ache Root: Applications, Treatments, Health Benefits

The botanical name of common painwort is Dioscorea communis. Synonymously, it is also called Tamus communis L. The climbing plant comes from the yam family of plants (Dioscoreaceae). Despite the slight toxicity of the plant, it finds application in herbal medicine, among other things, and is used against various ailments. Occurrence and cultivation of the … Common Ache Root: Applications, Treatments, Health Benefits

Antiandrogens

Products Antiandrogens are mainly commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, and injectables. Among the first steroidal agents was cyproterone acetate, which was patented in the 1960s. Flutamide was the first non-steroidal agent to be approved in the 1980s. Structure and properties A distinction is made between antiandrogens with a steroidal structure (like the … Antiandrogens

Progesterone: Function & Diseases

Progesterone is one of the sex hormones. It is a so-called steroid hormone and the most important of the progestins. Progesterone plays a particularly important role during pregnancy. What is progesterone? Progesterone belongs to the female sex hormones, although it is also present in the male body. The main role of progesterone is to prepare … Progesterone: Function & Diseases

Wild Yam

Products Wild yam is commercially available in the form of capsules and as an ointment (e.g. Phytopharma Wild Yam). It is approved as a dietary supplement and not as a drug. is further included in alternative medicine remedies such as homeopathics. Stem plant The parent plant of the yam family (Dioscoreaceae) is native to North … Wild Yam

Vaginal Suppositories

Products Vaginal suppositories are commercially available as drugs and medical devices. Listed below are some active ingredients which are administered vaginally: Estrogens: estriol Progestins: progesterone Antifungals: Econazole, ciclopirox Antiparasitics: Metronidazole, Clindamycin Antiseptics: Povidone–iodine, formerly boric acid. Probiotics: Lactobacilli The egg-shaped vaginal suppositories are also called ovules (singular ovulum). Structure and properties Vaginal suppositories are dosage … Vaginal Suppositories

Ketones

Definition Ketones are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) with two aliphatic or aromatic radicals (R1, R2) attached to its carbon atom. In aldehydes, one of the radicals is a hydrogen atom (H). Ketones can be synthesized, for example, by oxidation of alkoles. The simplest representative is acetone. Nomenclature Ketones are usually named with … Ketones

Groundhog Ointments

Products Marmot ointments are available in pharmacies and drugstores. Some pharmacies in the Alps make marmot ointments themselves as a house specialty. Other products (selection): Alpine Herbs marmot oil ointment, Puralpina, Exmonte and Marmol. The pure marmot fat can be obtained from the specialized trade at Hänseler. Ingredients Marmot ointments contain marmot fat (Adeps marmottae), … Groundhog Ointments

Triptorelin

Products Triptorelin is commercially available as an injectable. It has been approved in many countries since 1995. Structure and properties Triptorelin is a more potent derivative of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). At position 6, the amino acid glycine has been replaced by D-tryptophan. It is a decapeptide. GnRH: Pyr-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly. Triptorelin: Pyr-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Trp-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly Effects Triptorelin (ATC L02AE04) is … Triptorelin

Labor Inhibitors

Indications Inhibition of labor during pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery Active ingredients Minerals: Magnesium (e.g. magnesium diasporal). Calcium channel blockers: Nifedipine (Adalat, generic, off-label). Progestins: Progesterone (Utrogestan) Probiotics: Lactobacilli (vaginal suppositories to prevent infections). Oxytocin antagonists: Atosiban (Tractocile). Sympathomimetics: Hexoprenaline (Gynipral) Fenoterol (no indication in many countries). Salbutamol (Ventolin, no indication in many countries). Other … Labor Inhibitors