Definition – What is the HLA? In medicine, the abbreviation HLA stands for Human Leukocyte Antigen. The HLA are a group of molecules consisting of a protein portion and a carbohydrate portion. Therefore they are called glycoprotein. The HLA are found on the surface of every single body cell and also on the surfaces of … HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigen
Procedure for HLA determination HLA can be determined in four different ways. In each case, tissue from both donor and recipient is required. The exact determination of the structure of the HLA is done with the so-called antigen determination. The process of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for this. In this process cells … Procedure for HLA determination | HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigen
Introduction If our body’s own immune system recognizes foreign cells, it activates various mechanisms to protect against the mostly undesired invaders. Such a reaction is intentional if pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or fungi are involved. However, a rejection reaction is not desired in the case of organ transplantation. In the worst case, the foreign … Rejection reaction
Forecast The prognosis after organ transplantation promises a higher life expectancy than if the original, more and more functionless organ is left in place. About 60% of heart transplant patients live with the donor organ for more than ten years. Lung transplant patients also benefit from a higher life expectancy of several years. They often … Forecast | Rejection reaction
Rejection after kidney transplantation The acute rejection reaction after kidney transplantation is accompanied by typical symptoms that indicate a deterioration in kidney function and the activity of the body’s immune system. These include exhaustion, an increase in body temperature to over 37.5°C for several hours, loss of appetite, reduced urination and edema formation (water retention … Rejection after kidney transplantation | Rejection reaction
Rejection reaction after stem cell transplantation The most common complications after stem cell transplantation include infections caused by the immunosuppressive drugs and so-called graft-versus-host disease, in which immune cells of the donor are directed against the cells of the recipient. There is an increased risk, especially in the first year, especially in the first six … Rejection reaction after stem cell transplantation | Rejection reaction
Introduction Leukemias, i.e. cancers of the white blood cells, are among the most common cancers in children, with the subtype ALL (acute lymphatic leukemia) being by far the most common. The disease usually manifests itself through anemia, an increased tendency to bleed and an increased tendency to infection. The diagnosis is usually made by a … Leukemia in children
Causes Until today, the causes of leukemia are largely unknown. However, factors are known which increase the risk of developing leukemia in children: Leukemia is not a hereditary disease in the classical sense. However, there are some hereditary diseases that play an important role in the development of the disease. For example, it is known … Causes | Leukemia in children
Treatment Leukemia is a very aggressive disease. Therefore the treatment must be started as soon as possible. Already the well-founded suspicion is sufficient to initiate the therapy in affected children.In principle, therapy should only be carried out in a specialized treatment center for children and adolescents suffering from cancer (pediatric hematology and oncology), these are … Treatment | Leukemia in children
Chances of recovery Fortunately, there have been numerous advances and improvements in the treatment of childhood leukemia over the past decades. Currently, about 80-90% of children are free of leukemia 5 years after diagnosis. In this context one also speaks of the 5-year survival rate. With adequate treatment, childhood leukemia is definitely curable! Without appropriate … Chances of recovery | Leukemia in children