Products Infliximab is commercially available as a powder for a concentrate for the preparation of an infusion solution (Remicade, biosimilars: Remsima, Inflectra). It has been approved in many countries since 1999. Biosimilars were released in 2015. Structure and properties Infliximab is a chimeric human murine IgG1κ monoclonal antibody with a molecular mass of 149.1 kDa … Infliximab: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Symptoms Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and systemic joint disease. It manifests as pain, symmetrically tense, achy, warm, and swollen joints, swelling, and morning stiffness that lasts for more than an hour. Initially, the hands, wrists, and feet are most affected, but later numerous other joints are also affected. Over time, deformities and rheumatoid … Rheumatoid Arthritis Causes and Treatment
Products Abatacept is commercially available as an injection and infusion preparation (Orencia). It was approved in the United States in 2005 and in the EU and many countries in 2007. Structure and properties Abatacept is a recombinant fusion protein with the following components: Extracellular domain of CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4). Modified Fc domain of … Abatacept
Products Golimumab is commercially available as a solution for injection (Simponi). It was approved in many countries in 2010. Structure and properties Golimumab (Mr = 150 kDa) is a human IgG1κ-monoclonal antibody. Effects Golimumab (ATC L04AB06) has selective immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. The effects are based on binding to the soluble and membrane-bound proinflammatory cytokine … Golimumab
Products TNF-α inhibitors are commercially available as injectable and infusion preparations. Infliximab (Remicade) was the first agent from this group to be approved in 1998, and in many countries in 1999. Biosimilars of some representatives are now available. Others will follow in the next few years. This article refers to biologics. Small molecules can also … TNF-Α Inhibitors
Products Etanercept is commercially available as a solution for injection (Enbrel, biosimilars). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. The biosimilars Benepali and Erlezi were approved in many countries in 2018. Structure and properties Etanercept is a dimeric fusion protein composed of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of TNF receptor-2 and the Fc domain … Etanercept
Products Anakinra is marketed as a solution for injection in a prefilled syringe (Kineret). The drug has not yet been approved in many countries. Structure and properties Anakinra is a recombinant, nonglycosylated human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. It differs from natural IL-1Ra in having an additional methionine at the N terminus. Anakinra consists of 153 amino … Anakinra
Products Janus kinase inhibitors are commercially available in the form of tablets and capsules with different galenics. Structure and properties The structure of Janus kinase inhibitors is characterized by nitrogen heterocycles, which are often condensed. Effects The agents have selective immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. The effects are based on inhibition of Janus kinases (JAK). … Janus Kinase Inhibitors
Products Tocilizumab is commercially available as a concentrate for the preparation of an infusion solution and as a solution for injection in a prefilled syringe and in a prefilled pen (Actemra, RoActemra in some countries). It has been approved in many countries since 2008. Structure and properties Tocilizumab is a recombinant humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody … Tocilizumab
Products Adalimumab is commercially available as a solution for injection (Humira). It was approved in the United States in 2002 and in many countries and the EU in 2003. Biosimilars are available in many countries. Structure and properties Adalimumab is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha. It is composed of 1330 amino acids and … Adalimumab Effects and Side Effects
Symptoms Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, benign, and noninfectious skin disease. It manifests as symmetrical (bilateral), sharply demarcated, bright red, dry, raised plaques covered by silvery scales. Typically affected areas are the elbows, knees, and scalp. Itching, a burning sensation and pain are other symptoms, and scratching further aggravates the condition. Psoriasis can also affect … Psoriasis Causes and Treatment
Products The first therapeutic monoclonal antibody was approved in 1986. Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) binds to the CD3 receptor on T cells and has been used in transplantation medicine. Numerous drugs containing antibodies are now available. A selection of active substances can be found at the end of this article. These are expensive drugs. For example, … Monoclonal Antibodies
