Products Azelastine is available as a nasal spray and in eye drop form (eg, Allergodil, Dymista + fluticasone, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1994. Structure and properties Azelastine (C22H24ClN3O, Mr = 381.9 g/mol) is present in drugs as azelastine hydrochloride, a white to almost white crystalline powder. It is a phthalazinone … Azelastine
Symptoms Rhinitis medicamentosa manifests as a stuffy nose with swollen and histologically altered nasal mucosa. Causes It is the result of prolonged use of decongestant nasal medications (sprays, drops, oils, gels) containing active ingredients such as xylometazoline, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, or phenylephrine. Because the nasal mucosa no longer swells on its own and habituation occurs, the … Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Symptoms Vasomotor rhinitis manifests as a chronic watery-running and/or stuffy nose. Symptoms resemble hay fever but occur year-round and without eye involvement. Both diseases can also occur together. Other possible symptoms include sneezing, itching, headache, frequent swallowing and coughing. Causes and triggers Vasomotor rhinitis is one of the nonallergic and noninfectious rhinitides. The exact causes … Vasomotor Rhinitis
Symptoms Nasal polyps are usually bilateral and localized benign mucosal protrusions of the nasal cavity or sinuses. The leading symptom is nasal constriction leading to a change in voice quality. Other possible symptoms include a watery discharge (rhinorrhea), impaired sense of smell and taste, pain and a feeling of fullness in the head. Nasal polyps … Nasal Polyps
Products Triamcinolone acetonide nasal sprays have been approved in many countries since 1996 and are commercially available as propellant-free metered-dose sprays (Nasacort, Nasacort Allergo, Suspension). Structure and properties Triamcinolone acetonide (C24H31FO6, Mr = 434.5 g/mol) is a white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a lipophilic and potent derivative of triamcinolone. … Triamcinolone Acetonide Nasal Spray
Products Tixocortolpivalate is commercially available in combination with neomycin as a nasal spray (Pivalone). It has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Tixocortolpivalate (C21H30O4S, Mr = 378.5 g/mol) is a 21-thiosteroid. Effects Tixocortolpivalate (ATC R01AD07) has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. The effects are due to binding to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors. Indications … Tixocortolpivalate
Products Pseudoephedrine is commercially available in the form of capsules, tablets, and granules, among others. Apart from Rinoral (formerly Otrinol), these are combination products (e.g., Pretuval). Pseudoephedrine is mainly found in cold remedies. Structure and properties Pseudoephedrine (C10H15NO, Mr = 165.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder or as … Pseudoephedrine
Symptoms Possible symptoms of hay fever include: Allergic rhinitis: itchy, runny or stuffy nose, sneezing. Allergic conjunctivitis: red, itchy, watery eyes. Cough, mucus formation Itching in the mouth Swollen, blue discolored skin under the eyes Fatigue Sleep disturbance due to the discomfort Hay fever is often accompanied by other inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes. … Hay Fever Causes
Effects Nasal glucocorticoids are antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and decongestant by locally inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. They reduce nasal symptoms such as runny or stuffy nose, itching, sneezing, and sneezing, and may also have a beneficial effect on ocular symptoms such as itching, burning, redness, and tearing. In contrast to oral glucocorticoids, there are significantly … Glucocorticoid Nasal Sprays
Symptoms Possible symptoms of cold sniffles include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, watery eyes, feeling sick, headache, and sore skin under the nose. A common cold may be accompanied by other symptoms of a cold, such as sore throat, hoarseness, cough and low-grade fever. Possible complications include tubal catarrh, middle ear infection and sinusitis. … Commond Cold: Causes and Treatment
Products Parasympatholytics are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, as inhalation preparations, injection solutions, and eye drops. This article refers to antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Antagonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, such as ganglion blockers, are discussed separately. Structure and properties Many parasympatholytics are structurally derived from atropine, a natural … Parasympatholytics
Symptoms The possible symptoms of a stuffy nose include difficult nasal breathing, swelling of the mucous membrane, a feeling of fullness, secretions, crusting, rhinitis, itching, and sneezing. The stuffy nose often occurs at night while lying down and also triggers insomnia, sore throat and headache. Causes A stuffy nose restricts the flow of air through … Blocked Nose
