The following pathological reflexes can be distinguished:
- Babinski’s sign (synonyms: big toe reflex, toe reflex, Babinksi reflex) – brushing the lateral (side) sole of the foot leads to spreading of toes 2-5 and dorsiflexion of the big toe (bending (flexion) to the dorsal side, i.e., to the dorsum of the foot)
- Chaddock sign (synonym: Chaddock reflex) – brushing the lateral dorsum of the foot leads to spreading of toes 2-5 and dorsiflexion of the big toe.
- Gordon’s sign (synonyms: toe sign, Gordon-Scharfer reflex, calf reflex) – kneading the calf leads to spreading of the toes 2-5 and dorsiflexion of the big toe.
- Léri forearm sign – passive finger/hand flexion leads to flexion synergy in the elbow joint.
- Marie Foix/Gonda sign (synonym: Marie Foix sign) – passive flexion of the toes leads to flexion synergy in the knee and hip joint.
- Mayer finger base joint reflex – complete passive flexion (bending) of the fingers 4 and 5 leads to tonic adduction (lateral approach to the body or limb axis) of the thumb; here, the lateral difference is decisive
- Mendel-Bechterew sign – tapping the lateral dorsum of the foot leads to spreading of the toes 2-5 and dorsiflexion of the big toe.
- Monakov sign – brushing the lateral edge of the foot leads to lifting the lateral edge of the foot.
- Oppenheim sign (synonym: Oppenheim reflex) – brushing the tibia (shin) leading edge distally with the knuckles leads to spreading of toes 2-5 and dorsiflexion of the big toe
- Strümpell sign or Clauß sign – active knee flexion of the patient against the pull of the examiner leads to dorsiflexion of the big toe and supination (“outward rotation”) of the foot
- Wartenberg thumb sign – traction on finger distal phalanges 2-5 leads to tonic thumb flexion and thumb adduction.
