As gliomas (anaplastic astrocytomas; anaplastic oligodendrogliomas; anaplastic ependymoma; astrocytic glioma; benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor; malignant glioma; malignant cerebral glioma; malignant cerebellar glioma; variegated glioma; desmoplastic medulloblastoma; diffuse glioma; ependymal glioblastoma; ependymglioma; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; ependymoma of the brain; ependymomas; ependymocytoma; epithelial ependymoma; fibrillary astrocytoma; fibrous astrocytoma; ganglioblastoma; ganglioblastoma; gangliocytoma; gangliocytomas; brain glioma; mixed glioma; mixed cell astrocytoma; gemistocytic astrocytoma; glioblastic sarcoma; glioblastoma; glioblastoma gigantocellulare; glioblastoma multiforme; glioblastoma of the brain; glioblastomas; glioblastoma with sarcomatous component; Glioependymoma; glioma; glioma durum; glioma multiforme; glioma sarcomatodes; gliomatosis cerebri; gliosarcoma; gliosarcoma; gliocytoma; cerebral glioma; brainstem glioma; cerebellar glioma; malignant astrocytoma; malignant ependymoma; malignant glioma; medulloblastoma; medulloblastomas; microcellular glioma; mixed gliomas; midbrain glioma; neurinoma; neurinomas; oligoastrocytoma; oligodendroglioma; oligodendroglioma of the cerebrum; Oligodendroglioma; parietal astrocytoma; pillar cell glioma; pilocytic astrocytoma; pilocytic astrocytoma; pinealoma; pinealomas; brush cell glioma; plexus carcinomas; plexus tumors; plexus tumors; polymorphic glioma; protoplasmic astrocytoma; giant cell glioblastoma; round cell glioma; butterfly glioma; schwannoma; spider cell glioma; spongioblastoma; stellate cell glioma; 2nd degree temporal astrocytoma; temporal lobe astrocytoma; temporal lobe astrocytoma; temporal lobe astrocytoma; temporal lobe astrocytoma. Grade; temporal lobe astrocytoma; xanthoastrocytoma; cerebellar astrocytoma; cerebral glioma; cystic astrocytoma; ICD-10 D33: Benign neoplasm of the brain and central nervous system; C71: Malignant neoplasm of the brain) are used to describe some tumors of the central nervous system. The following brain tumors (intracranial space-occupying processes) can be distinguished:
- Neuroepithelial tumors (gliomas) – circa 50% of cases.
- Astrocytomas – neoplasm originating from astrocytes; 25% of primary brain tumors, in children 50%.
- Ependymomas – composed mainly of neoplastic ependymal cells (belong to the glial cell group).
- Ganglioblastomas – neoplasm originating from the neuroepithelial cell; about 50% of all brain tumors in adults.
- Gangliocytomas – neoplasm originating from ganglion cells and Schwann cells (gliocytus periphericus, also Schwann’s cell or lemnocyte).
- Glioblastoma (astrocytoma grade III-IV) – 15% of all primary tumors.
- Oligodendrogliomas – neoplasm originating from oligodendrocytes; 10% of primary brain tumors.
- Medulloblastomas – neoplasm originating from neuroectodermal or neuroepithelial cells; 5% of primary brain tumors (20% of all childhood brain tumors)
- Neurinomas (synonyms: schwannoma, benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor BPNST) – benign (benign) and usually slow-growing tumor of the peripheral nervous system originating from Schwann cells.
- Plexus tumors – neoplasm originating from venous plexuses.
- Pinealomas – originating from the pineal gland.
- Spongioblastomas (pilocytic astrocytoma).
- Mesodermal tumors – circa 20% of cases.
- Angioblastomas (included in the subgroup of “tumors of uncertain histogenesis”).
- Meningiomas – most common neoplasm.
- Sarcomas – neoplasm originating from mesenchymal tissue.
- Ectodermal tumors – circa 10% of cases.
- Pituitary adenomas – are benign tumors arising from the parenchymatous cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis; anterior lobe of the pituitary gland); 10-15% of all brain tumors.
- Craniopharyngeoma (Erdheim tumor, craniopharyngioma, craniopharyngeoma; Engl : craniopharyngioma) – neoplasm originating from the squamous epithelium; occur mainly in children / adolescents and between the 50th and 75th year of life.
- Germ cell tumors – circa 2-3% of cases.
- Dermoid – rare, benign, slow-growing neoplasm that may involve various tissues.
- Epidermoids – embryonically derived tumors of the CNS; they are among the most important tumors in space-occupying lesions in the cerebellopontine angle.
- Germinomas – germ cell tumor of the central nervous system (CNS).
- Hamartomas – tumor arising from tissue maldevelopment.
- Teratomas – congenital, often organ-like mixed tumors that develop from primitive pluripotent stem cells.
- Brain metastases (metastases/daughter tumors, symptomatic) – up to 20% of cases; mainly in bronchial carcinoma (lung cancer), breast carcinoma (breast cancer), renal cell carcinoma, malignant (malignant) melanoma (black skin cancer), lymphomas, prostate carcinoma (prostate cancer), gastrointestinal neoplasms, thyroid carcinoma.
Gliomas usually occur in the brain, but are also possible in the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Sex ratio:In primary brain tumors, the sex ratio male to female is estimated at 6: 4. Males are twice as likely to be affected than females in astrocytoma, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, neurinoma. In pinealoma, males are significantly more commonly affected than females at 12: 1. In the other brain tumors, the gender distribution is balanced. Peak incidence: gliomas are considered middle-aged brain tumors; peak between the ages of 40 and 65. Oligodendroglioma commonly occurs in children between the ages of 3 and 10 years. Pinealoma occurs primarily between the ages of 10 and 30. Ependymomas commonly occur in children between the ages of 8 and 15. The incidence (frequency of new cases) of gliomas is 6-10 cases per 100,000 population per year. In Germany, there are approximately 3,000-5,000 new cases of glioblastoma per year. The incidence of neurinoma is about 1 disease per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The incidence of craniopharyngeoma is 0.5-2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Course and prognosis: Course and prognosis depend on histologic (fine tissue) grading and tumor location. 5-year survival: The 5-year survival rate for astrocytoma is 10-60% depending on the grade. For glioblastoma, it is only a maximum of three percent. With therapy the survival time is about one year, without therapy about four to five months. Malignant oligodendrogliomas have a 5-year survival rate of 35-60% (depending on the exact histology). Medulloblastomas have a survival rate of 50-60%; two-thirds of all patients can now be cured by a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The median survival time for pinealoma is 4 years. Mortality (mortality) is only a maximum of two percent in neurinoma. The 5-year survival rate is 20-60% for ependymoma. Cerebral metastases in patients with breast carcinoma or patients with metachronous metastases from small cell renal carcinoma often show long survival (≥ 24 months); brain metastases from patients with malignant melanoma have the least favorable prognosis.
