Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
- Folic acid deficiency (in pregnant women).
- Vitamin C deficiency
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- HIV infection
- Infection – e.g., with β-hemolytic streptococci (streptococcal infections).
- Mycoses (fungal infections), especially with Candida albicans.
- Syphilis (lues)
- Viruses such as herpes viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (trigger of Pfeiffer’s glandular fever) or the cytomegalovirus.
Mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Acute gingivitis
- Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis – special form of gingivitis.
- Chronic gingivitis
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48)
- Leukemia (blood cancer)
- Lymphoma – malignant disease of the lymphatic system.
Medication
- Anabolic steroids – drugs often used as doping agents that promote muscle growth.
- Calcium antagonists – drugs used for hypertension (high blood pressure) such as amlodipine or nifedipine.
- Hydantoins – drugs that used to be used for epilepsy; today, only phenytoin from this group is used
- Immunosuppressants – drugs such as ciclosporin (cyclosporin A), which are used to suppress the body’s immune system.
