Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of cardiac vitias (heart valve defects). Family history Are there any conditions in your family that are common? Are there any hereditary diseases in your family? Social history What is your profession? Are you exposed to harmful working substances in your profession? Is … Valvular Heart Disease: Medical History
Cardiovascular System (I00-I99). Cardiac defect, unspecified Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency), unspecified
The following are the most important diseases or complications that can be caused by cardiac vitias (heart valve defects) as well: In general Cardiovascular System (I00-I99). Cardiac arrhythmias – atrial fibrillation (VHF; women: 1.8-fold, men: 3.4-fold risk). Infective endocarditis (IE) (endocarditis of the heart). Cardiac decompensation Sudden cardiac death (PHT) Thromboembolism – occlusion of a … Valvular Heart Disease: Complications
General measures The following also applies to children with congenital heart defects: at least 1 hour of physical activity daily!A study was able to show that physical activity is often restricted on medical advice; there is thus an urgent need for action here.For information on exercise, see the respective heart valve defects. During pregnancy, the … Valvular Heart Disease: Therapy
Heart valve defects (HKF) can be classified into the following severity levels according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA): NYHA Complaint level I No complaints II Complaints during heavy exertion III Complaints during light exertion IV Complaints at rest Aortic valve stenosis can be classified as follows: Grade KÖF* (cm²) KÖF/body surface (cm²/m²) Mean … Valvular Heart Disease: Classification
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of the eye) [cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and/or central mucous membranes caused by a lack of oxygen)] Neck vein congestion? … Valvular Heart Disease: Examination
2nd-order laboratory parameters-depending on the results of the history and physical examination-for differential diagnostic clarification. Small blood count Inflammatory parameters – CRP (C-reactive protein) or ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Fasting glucose (fasting blood glucose). Blood gas analysis (BGA) High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) or troponin I (hs-cTnI) – for suspected myocardial infarction (heart attack). NT-proBNP … Valvular Heart Disease: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic target Improvement in exercise capacity Therapy recommendations Aortic stenosis (drug therapy is not possible). Aortic insufficiency: ACE inhibitors, angiotension II receptor antagonists (to lower preload and afterload* ). Cardiac glycosides (to increase contractility). Diuretics Mitral stenosis: Cardiac glycosides (for atrial fibrillation; to increase contractility/ability to contract). Diuretics (diuretic medications). Mitral regurgitation: Endocarditis prophylaxis (preventive … Valvular Heart Disease: Drug Therapy
Obligatory medical device diagnostics. Electrocardiogram1-5 (ECG; recording of the electrical activity of the heart muscle). Echocardiography1-5 (echo; cardiac ultrasound) including color Doppler – for localization and quantification of valvular insufficiencies and stenosesSevere aortic stenosis according to ESC (European Society of Cardiology) and ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association). Vpeak ≥ 4 m/s, Mean pressure … Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnostic Tests
Aortic valve Aortic valve stenosis (aortic stenosis). Indication for aortic valve replacement (ACE): Presence of criteria for severe aortic valve stenosis (see below for medical device diagnosis/echocardiography) + patient is symptomatic or has left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction/volume) <50 Asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis (5-year cumulative incidence of sudden cardiac … Valvular Heart Disease: Surgical Therapy
To prevent cardiac ventricular disease (valvular heart disease), attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Overweight (BMI ≥ 25; obesity)1 Android body fat distribution1, that is, abdominal/visceral, truncal, central body fat (apple type) – high waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio (THQ; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) is presentWhen waist circumference is measured … Valvular Heart Disease: Prevention
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate heart vitias (heart valve defects): Aoten valve Aortic stenosis Usually symptom-free for a long time Limited performance Fatigue Dyspnea (shortness of breath) Angina pectoris (“chest tightness”; sudden pain in the region of the heart) Dizziness Syncope (momentary loss of consciousness) Aortic insufficiency Palpitations (heart palpitations, heart stuttering) Cardiac … Valvular Heart Disease: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
